The persistence of cloxacillin in the mammary gland when infused immediately after the last milking of lactation

Abstract

STJMMABY. A series of experiments has been carried out in order to develop antibiotic preparations which, when infused into the udder at drying-off, eliminate established infection and prevent new infection from occurring in the dry period. It has been shown that the persistence of antibiotic in the dry udder is affected by the solubility of the antibiotic salt, the quantity of antibiotic infused and the base in which it is formulated. Whereas 0-2 g cloxacillin as the sodium salt infused in a 3 % aluminium monostearate in mineral oil base after the last milking of lactation persisted for less than 1 week, 0-5 and 1-0 g cloxacillin in the form of the benzathine salt, in a similar base, usually persisted for 3 weeks.Secretions removed from the udders of dry cows inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis and Sarcina lutea but not 2 strains of staphylococci.The dry period between consecutive lactations is particularly important in the control of udder disease. It is a time when many new infections occur and because few old infections spontaneously recover during this period, a higher proportion of cows is found to be infected at calving than at the preceding drying-off. Further, it is only during the dry period that the regeneration of damaged udder secretory issue occurs and when established infection can be eliminated without adding antibiotic to saleable milk. Based on these considerations, Neave, Dodd & Kingwill (1966) have proposed a control of udder disease in which the elimination of infection in the dry period is an essential part.

Determination of cloxacillin residues in dairy cows after intramammary administration

“…CLO is effective in intravenous, intramuscular, and IMM administration, either prophylactically during the dry period (DP) or therapeutically against the inflammation of the udder. So far, a comparison of CLO elimination from the cow's udder during the lactation and DP after IMM administration has not been described (Smith et al, 1967;Oliver et al, 1991;Py€ or€ al€ a et al, 1994;Grunwald et al, 2000).…”

The effect of dry cow antibiotic with and without an internal teat sealant on udder health during the first 100 d of lactation: a field study with matched pairs

“…The keratin plug is critical for protection against IMI and the risk of IMI increases in cows with impaired plug integrity (Bramley & Dodd, 1984; Capuco et al 1992). Another risk factor for IMI in dry cows is a decrease in antibiotic efficacy toward the end of the dry period (Smith et al 1967a, b; Oliver et al 1991). Most dry cow antibiotics provide protective concentrations for approximately 4–5 weeks, but not until the end of the 6–8-week dry period.…”

Assignment of Canadian Defined Daily Doses and Canadian Defined Course Doses for Quantification of Antimicrobial Usage in Cattle

“…Some data were available on persistence of antibiotic residues in milk: 8-21 days for cloxacillin benzathine (37, 38), 14-28 days for cephapirin benzathine (39), and 9 days for benzylpenicillin procaine (38), but no information was available on the time the antibiotics stay effective after drying-off at levels equal or higher than the MIC against the pathogens involved. Furthermore, the persistence of an antibiotic in the udder is affected by factors inherent to the product (such as the solubility of the antibiotic salt, the quantity of antibiotic infused, and the base in which it is formulated) (37) and, likely, by factors inherent to the cow (such as production at the time of drying-off, leaking milk after drying-off, chronic intramammary infection).…”