The permeation of non‐electrolytes through the single barnacle muscle cell

Bunch, Wilton H.; Edwards, Charles

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008835

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…2) which indicates a higher activation energy at lower temperatures and there are two possible explanations for this: (1) if the area available for diffusion across the membrane decreases as the temperature is lowered, or (2) if the permeability to DMSO is made up from two independent diffusion fluxes which have different activation energies. Unfortunately the former concept is incompatible with the report by Solomon (1968) that the activation energy for the diffusion of tritiated water into the red blood cell of the dog is constant between 7 and 370 C. However, Bunch & Edwards (1969) found that the equivalent pore size of single muscle fibres from the giant barnacle was dependent on temperature in the presence of DMSO, but independent of temperature in the range 4-25' C when either glycerol or urea was used instead of DMSO. These authors reported an increase in equivalent pore radius from 3-5 A at 40 C to 14 A at 25°C, and an extremely high activation energy of 26-1 kcal/mole for the transfer of DMSO across the striated muscle fibre (presumably on the basis of a linear Arrhenius relationship between permeability at 4 and 200 C).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…(1) He considered that there were insignificant diffusion delays in extracellular space; however, this is an oversimplification and was not borne out by the present study. (2) He assumed that the cell membrane was perfectly elastic so that the ratio V/A for a cell was simply related to the cell radius; however, recent work on the electron microscopy of smooth muscle fixed in hypertonic solutions does not verify this assumption (C. A. Walter, personal communication) and there is little supporting evidence from experiments with striated muscle fibres under hypertonic conditions (Blinks, 1965 DMSO (20%,w/v), the non-electrolyte had distributed itself uniformly throughout the water space in the muscle; however, Bunch & Edwards (1969) have shown that DMSO would dissolve in only 60 % of the water in barnacle muscle fibres.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, intracellular diffusion coefficients as low as 10-11 cm2 sec-1 have not been found either by Hodgkin & Keynes (1953) or by Harris (1954), who have shown that the rates of diffusion of ions in squid axon and frog muscle fibres were not appreciably different from those in free solution. Furthermore, it has been reported that in single striated muscle fibres from the giant barnacle the surface membrane limits the rate of diffusion of water, DMSO, urea and glycerol out of the cells (Bunch & Edwards, 1969;Bunch & Kallsen, 1969). Only when permeabilities are measured by the osmotic response of a cell in hyper-or hypotonic solutions can diffusion in the cell interior affect the measurement of the permeability characteristics of the cell.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, Bunch & Edwards (1969) were unable to show a similar effect in muscle fibres from the giant barnacle Balanw9 nubilws, and they found that DMSO was miscible with only 60 % of the total water in these cells. Therefore, the diffusion of [35S]DMSO in smooth muscle has been studied in an attempt to clarify the position regarding the space accessible to dimethyl sulphoxide within the isolated guinea-pig taenia coli, and to provide information on the kinetics of permeation of DMSO in smooth muscle in conjunction with work on the preservation of cells at low temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Diffusion and distribution of dimethyl sulphoxide in the isolated guinea‐pig taenia coli

Elford¹

1970

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. The diffusion of the cryoprotective non-electrolyte dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) in the isolated guinea-pig taenia coil at 37, 25 and 00 C has been studied using [35S]DMSO.2. Within 1 hr after immersion at 370 C in Krebs solution containing 20 % (w/v) DMSO and trace amounts of [35S]DMSO, the non-electrolyte was distributed uniformly throughout a volume equivalent to the total initial water content of the muscle. 3. The kinetics of efflux of [35S]DMSO from muscles at constant volume were analysed on the basis of two models: one incorporated radial diffusion in extracellular fluid with simultaneous permeation into the cells, the other involved only radial diffusion in homogeneous cylinders of tissue having no internal barriers to diffusion; the former was found to give a better representation of the efflux kinetics.4. If it was assumed that the rate of diffusion of DMSO in the extracellular space of taenia coli was the same as that in the bathing medium, the values of the extracellular space and the permeability of smooth muscle to DMSO, obtained from the analysis of the efflux kinetics, were 454 + 19 ml./kg and 2-36 + 0-05 x 10-6 cm sec' at 370 C.5. The activation energy for the transfer of DMSO across the surface of the cell was estimated to be 6-0 kcal/mole at 37°C, 6-6 kcal/mole at 250 C and 11-6kcal/mole at O0 C, indicating either that the equivalent pore radius of the cells decreased with temperature or that the cell permeability represented the sum of two fluxes, one through the aqueous pores of the cell and the other through the lipid phase of the cell membrane, each with a different energy of activation.6. A net flux of water across the surface of the cells, superimposed on the efflux of DMSO, markedly affected the rate of diffusion of the nonelectrolyte out of the whole tissue; however, it was considered that an analysis of the efflux kinetics was not possible under these conditions. 7. These results provide a basis for methods which will be used to investigate the possibility of preserving tissue in unfrozen aqueous media at sub-zero temperatures.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Diffusion and distribution of dimethyl sulphoxide in the isolated guinea‐pig taenia coli

Elford¹

1970

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Using the value of 0.15 ml/g for V e , calculated earlier, and 4200 cm 2 /g for Sm,,, 14 we then find P mw = 0.41 x 0.15/4200 = 0.15 x 10" 4 cm/ sec. This value is surprisingly low, compared with the dog erythrocyte water permeability of 44 x 10~4 cm/sec, 31 but is not incompatible with that of the squid axon, 1.4 x 10" 4 cm/sec, 32 the barnacle muscle cell, 2.6 x 10~4 cm/sec, 33 the amoeba, 0.23 x 10" 4 cm/sec, 34 or the Bolwig and Lassen estimate for the brain capillary, 0.4 x 10~4 cm/ sec. 7 This limited permeability of the sarcolemma to water probably explains the inability of Suenson et al 35 to explain the transient diffusion of water through a sheet of right ventricle.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

The capillary and sarcolemmal barriers in the heart. An exploration of labeled water permeability.

Rose¹,

Goresky²,

Bach³

1977

Circulation Research

102

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SUMMARY Although the exchange of labeled water between blood and tissue in the heart has usually been assumed to be flow-limited, the outflow patterns of labeled water, relative to intravascular references, in a multiple indicator dilution experiment, have appeared to be anomalous in terms of the models used to explain the transport of less permeable substances. Data showing a change in the shape of the labeled water outflow curve after vasodilation and after the infusion of toxic doses of 2,4-dinitrophenol led us to propose a new model for labeled water permeation which includes barriers at both the capillary wall and the sarcolemmal membrane. This model explains adequately the form of the outflow curve, provides parameters related to the permeability at the two barriers, and gives an estimate of the ratio of the intracellular to interstitial space. Dinitrophenol infused intra-arterially in a dose sufficient to cause S-T elevation in the electrocardiogram is found to reduce the sarcolemmal water permeability by an order of magnitude, but to have no effect on capillary water permeability. We conclude that water transport in the heart is barrier-limited at both the capillary and sarcolemmal membranes and that sarcolemmal water permeability is probably mediated at least in part by a structure sensitive to the effects of dinitrophenol, presumably a protein channel. Since the outflow patterns of inert gases resemble that of labeled water, it is possible that oxygen distribution is also barrierlimited.ALTHOUGH cell membranes are known to be highly permeable to water, they do reduce the rate of diffusion of water molecules to about a hundred thousandth that of free diffusion.1 Despite this fact it has been hypothesized that the membrane permeability is high enough and blood flow is slow enough that the distribution of labeled water in an organ such as the heart, where intercapillary distances are small, is flow-limited at physiologic rates of perfusion.213 At this point in time, however, it has been possible to quantitatively corroborate this assumption only for the liver . 4 This organ is very specialized, in terms of the structure of its basic microcirculatory unit, the hepatic sinusoid. There is no significant barrier to small molecules corresponding to the capillary membrane, and the plasma membranes of the hepatocytes are massively expanded in area by virtue of their innumerable microvillous processes. In addition, the mean sinusoidal transit time is much longer than that in the capillaries of a visceral organ perfused at arterial pressure.On the other hand, there is evidence that the distribution of labeled water in the brain is barrier-limited at high but physiologic perfusion rates. "7 In the heart, the organ we wish to consider here, Ziegler and Goresky 8 have shown that the shape of the outflow concentration-time curve for labeled water in a multiple indicator dilution experiment could not be explained by the assumption of flow-limited exchange unless the additional assumption of random diffusional capillary...

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Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a potential contrast agent for brain tumors

et al. 2012

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Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is commonly used in preclinical studies of animal models of high‐grade glioma as a solvent for chemotherapeutic agents. A strong DMSO signal was detected by single‐voxel MRS in the brain of three C57BL/6 control mice during a pilot study of DMSO tolerance after intragastric administration. This led us to investigate the accumulation and wash‐out kinetics of DMSO in both normal brain parenchyma (n = 3 control mice) by single‐voxel MRS, and in 12 GL261 glioblastomas (GBMs) by single‐voxel MRS (n = 3) and MRSI (n = 9). DMSO accumulated differently in each tissue type, reaching its highest concentration in tumors: 6.18 ± 0.85 µmol/g water, 1.5‐fold higher than in control mouse brain (p < 0.05). A faster wash‐out was detected in normal brain parenchyma with respect to GBM tissue: half‐lives of 2.06 ± 0.58 and 4.57 ± 1.15 h, respectively. MRSI maps of time‐course DMSO changes revealed clear hotspots of differential spatial accumulation in GL261 tumors. Additional MRSI studies with four mice bearing oligodendrogliomas (ODs) revealed similar results as in GBM tumors. The lack of T1 contrast enhancement post‐gadolinium (gadopentetate dimeglumine, Gd‐DTPA) in control mouse brain and mice with ODs suggested that DMSO was fully able to cross the intact blood–brain barrier in both normal brain parenchyma and in low‐grade tumors. Our results indicate a potential role for DMSO as a contrast agent for brain tumor detection, even in those tumors ‘invisible’ to standard gadolinium‐enhanced MRI, and possibly for monitoring heterogeneities associated with progression or with therapeutic response. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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The permeation of non‐electrolytes through the single barnacle muscle cell

Cited by 27 publications

References 12 publications

Diffusion and distribution of dimethyl sulphoxide in the isolated guinea‐pig taenia coli

Diffusion and distribution of dimethyl sulphoxide in the isolated guinea‐pig taenia coli

The capillary and sarcolemmal barriers in the heart. An exploration of labeled water permeability.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a potential contrast agent for brain tumors

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