The performance of unreinforced masonry walls subjected to low-velocity impacts: Finite element analysis

Finite-Discrete Element Modelling of Masonry Infill Walls Subjected to Out-of-Plane Loads

“…For this parameter, a default value of 0.1 is recommended in the case of contact between similarly refined meshes of comparably stiff materials. However, according to [7] a value of 0.05 is expected to give reasonable results for masonry walls. To investigate the influence of this factor, three values of the penalty factor are used herein, i.e.…”

“…The former is usually adopted to model the global behaviour of a structural system, while the latter is used to model the actual interaction between adjacent elements. The discrete-crack modelling can realistically predict the structural response when the crack pattern follows the locations of mortar joints [7].…”

A Discrete Macro-Model Using Homogenization With Strain-Rate Dependency for the Out-of-Plane Study of Masonry Panels Subjected to Impact Loading

“…A useful and practical way to numerically represent the material properties change is to define dynamic increase factors (DIFs). The use of DIF laws is found suitable to study masonry structures subjected to fast loads application [24,25]. In this way, a homogenized model that may account the latter is relevant.…”

“…The wall is subjected to a low velocity impact load that tries to represent the impact of a vehicle. The comparisons will be performed by means of the experimental determined data [31], but also with numerical results collected from the studies of [25,32]. The selected parapets (from 21 tested) are designated as C6 and C7 and are replicates, see Fig.…”

“…Curves resultant from (i) the experimental results [31], (ii) the numerical model by Burnett et. al [25], (iii) the numerical model by Rafsanjami et. al [32] and, the simulation results of the discrete homogenized-based model are depicted.…”