“…One dependent variable in this research has been the degree of coordination between agencies, that is, the mutual adjustment of behaviour (Biermann & Koops, 2017, 20). Evidence suggests that a high degree of governance fragmentation often limits effective coordination among international actors (for an overview see F. Biermann et al, 2020), with numerous undesirable outcomes, from a lack of an overall vision (Barnett et al, 2007) to duplications and inconsistencies (Kanie, 2015), scattering of responsibilities, splintered efforts and limited information sharing (Holzscheiter et al, 2012), limitations in attracting funding (Keohane & Victor, 2011), limited pooling of resources (Nasiritousi et al, 2020), difficulties in assigning accountability (Ivanova & Roy, 2007), and limited governance capacity (Held & Young, 2013). The absence of a dominant actor with a managing role has been argued to result in 'counter-productive politicization of coordination efforts' among agencies competing for leadership (Holzscheiter et al, 2012, p. 71).…”