The performance of school‐based questionnaires of reported blood in urine in diagnosing <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> infection: patterns by age and sex

Guyatt, Helen; Brooker, Simon; Lwambo, N. J. S.; Siza, Julius E.; Bundy, Donald

doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00483.x

Cited by 45 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, in older girls, considerable differences were found between the questionnaire responses and the field survey data. These patterns are consistent with previous reports (Guyatt et al 1999) and were also strikingly consistent across distinct geographical areas of Tanzania, incorporating coastal and inland regions (Figure 1). The Bayesian models demonstrated that age-gender effects were consistent across all geographical regions of Tanzania.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Age and gender effects in self‐reported urinary schistosomiasis in Tanzania

Clements

Barnett

Nyandindi

et al. 2008

Tropical Med Int Health

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Summaryobjectives To characterize age-gender prevalence profiles of urinary schistosomiasis according to the questionnaire responses, compare the profiles to field survey data from selected regions, and determine if the profiles varied spatially throughout Tanzania.methods In 2004, a national school-based questionnaire survey for self-reported schistosomiasis and blood in urine (BIU) was conducted in all regions of mainland Tanzania, to assist targeted mass distribution of praziquantel. Field survey data were collected in six north-western and five coastal regions using microscopic examination of urine samples for the presence of Schistosoma haematobium eggs and assessment of micro-haematuria with chemical reagent strips. Bayesian logistic regression models were created to calculate age-gender profiles adjusted for demographic and ecological covariates and spatial correlation in the questionnaire data. Separate odds ratios (OR) for age-gender effects were calculated in each administrative area.results Data were obtained from > 2.5 million schoolchildren. Boys had higher prevalence of selfreported schistosomiasis and BIU than girls. In boys, prevalence according to the questionnaire and field surveys followed similar age profiles. However, in girls, prevalence according to the field surveys increased in older age groups, but flattened out or decreased according to the questionnaire, indicating the latter underestimated prevalence in older girls. In the models, little spatial correlation was evident in the OR for the age-gender effects, suggesting that these did not vary spatially.conclusion Age-gender patterns of urinary schistosomiasis were consistent in different geographical areas of Tanzania. Because the questionnaire underestimated prevalence in older girls, we propose that upward calibration of observed prevalence is done for older females only.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…For example, older school-aged girls (i.e. >13 years) were more likely to under-report the occurrence of urinary schistosomiasis using morbidity questionnaires (Guyatt et al 1999;Ansell et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and gender effects in self‐reported urinary schistosomiasis in Tanzania

Clements

Barnett

Nyandindi

et al. 2008

Tropical Med Int Health

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“…Two studies carried out in Tanzania observed that girls were more likely than boys to be missed in self-diagnosis screening for S. haematobium [10,11]. These studies confirmed previous reports of under-reporting of haematuria and schistosomiasis by girls at school level.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Rapid diagnosis of schistosomiasis in Yemen using a simple questionnaire and urine reagent strips

et al. 2014

East Mediterr Health J

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Schistosomiasis ranks second to malaria in terms of socioeconomic and public health importance in Yemen. This study assessed the validity of a morbidity questionnaire and urine reagent strips as a rapid tool for screening schoolchildren for urinary schistosomiasis as compared with the presence of eggs in urine as the goldstandard parasitological diagnosis. The study examined urine samples and interviewed 696 children (mean age 12.5 years) attending a primary-preparatory school in south Yemen. Urinary schistosomiasis was confirmed in 126 (18.1%) children. Diagnostic performance was poor for 2 items in the morbidity questionnaire (self-reported history of previous infection and self-reported history of antischistosomal treatment). However, self-reported dysuria, selfreported haematuria in the questionnaire and microhaematuria by reagent strips (alone or with macrohaematuria) revealed good diagnostic performance. The results indicated that reagent strips are a valid method for detection of microhaematuria for identifying individuals and communities infected with Schistosoma haematobium. RÉSUMÉ La schistosomiase vient en deuxième place après le paludisme en termes de poids socioéconomique et de problème de santé publique au Yémen. La présente étude a évalué la validité d'un questionnaire sur la morbidité ainsi que des bandelettes urinaires réactives comme outils rapides de dépistage de la schistosomiase urinaire chez des écoliers par rapport à la recherche d'oeufs dans les urines en tant que méthode diagnostique parasitologique de référence. Au cours de l'étude, les échantillons d'urine de 696 enfants fréquentant une école primaire ou préparatoire dans le sud du Yémen ont été examinés, puis les enfants ont été interrogés (âge moyen 12,5 ans). Une schistosomiase urinaire a été confirmée chez 126 enfants (18,1 %). La performance du diagnostic était médiocre pour deux items du questionnaire sur la morbidité (antécédents autodéclarés d'une infection antérieure et d'un traitement contre la schistosomiase). Toutefois, une dysurie autodéclarée, une hématurie autodéclarée dans le questionnaire et une microhématurie par bandelettes urinaires réactives (seule ou associée à une macrohématurie) ont fait ressortir une bonne performance diagnostique. Les résultats ont indiqué que les bandelettes urinaires réactives étaient une méthode valable pour le dépistage de la microhématurie permettant d'identifier les personnes et les communautés infestées par Schistosoma haematobium. ‫املتوسط‬ ‫لرشق‬ ‫الصحية‬ ‫املجلة‬ ‫العرشون‬ ‫املجلد‬ ‫الرابع‬ ‫العدد‬ 243

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“…The chronic infections have been associated with hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, periportal fi brosis, urinary bladder obstructions, and bladder cancer. [16][17][18] Although being diffi cult to accurately quantify, parasitic infection has been shown to be a causal factor for hepatomegaly and splenomegaly in the region. These morbidities have shown a strong relationship.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[20] Use of portable ultrasound improves accessibility and removes some of the constraints of upkeep. Studies [15][16][17][18][19][20] have shown that the introduction of ultrasound can significantly alter treatment plan. In 43% of cases in Rwanda, ultrasound changed the initial management plan, involving surgical procedure, medication, clinic referral and others.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A feasibility study to determine if minimally trained medical students can identify markers of chronic parasitic infection using bedside ultrasound in rural Tanzania

Barsky¹,

Kushner²,

Ansbro³

et al. 2015

World Journal of Emergency Medicine

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BACKGROUND: Parasitic infections pose a signifi cant health risk in developing nations and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the Republic of Tanzania, the CDC estimates that 51.5% of the population is infected with one or more intestinal parasites. If diagnosed early, the consequences of chronic parasitic infection can potentially be avoided. METHODS:Six first-year medical students were recruited to enroll patients in the study. They underwent ten hours of formal, hands-on, ultrasound which included basic cardiac, hepatobiliary, renal, pulmonary and FAST scan ultrasound. A World Health Organization protocol with published grading scales was adapted and used to assess for pathology in each patient's liver, bladder, kidneys, and spleen.RESULTS: A total of 59 patients were enrolled in the study. Students reported a sensitivity of 96% and specifi city of 100% for the presence of a dome shaped bladder, a sensitivity and specifi city of 100% for bladder thickening, a sensitivity and specificity of 100% for portal hypertension and ascites. The sensitivity was 81% with a specifi city of 100% for presence of portal vein distention. The sensitivity was 100% with a specifi city of 90% for dilated bowel.CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound has shown a promise at helping to identify pathology in rural communities with limited resources such as Tanzania. Our data suggest that minimally trained fi rst year medical students are able to perform basic ultrasound scans that can identify ultrasonographic markers of parasitic infections.

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The performance of school‐based questionnaires of reported blood in urine in diagnosing Schistosoma haematobium infection: patterns by age and sex

Cited by 45 publications

References 7 publications

Age and gender effects in self‐reported urinary schistosomiasis in Tanzania

Age and gender effects in self‐reported urinary schistosomiasis in Tanzania

Rapid diagnosis of schistosomiasis in Yemen using a simple questionnaire and urine reagent strips

A feasibility study to determine if minimally trained medical students can identify markers of chronic parasitic infection using bedside ultrasound in rural Tanzania

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