“…Prevailing cationic PEs incorporate quaternary ammonium groups that provide almost inexhaustible combinations of nitrogen substituents for tailor-made polymer synthesis [43,[66][67][68][69][70]. In addition, quaternary ammonium-based PEs exhibit basic properties, are relatively stable and cost-efficient [61].…”
“…Solvent casting was successfully implemented in preparation of thick dense films (> 20 micron) and thin-film composites with a selective film (< 20 micron) based on various 'top-down' PE and PE-based materials [43,[68][69][70][71]83,[90][91][92][93]. Still the mechanical properties of the PE chains control the mechanical stability of the resulting films [67].…”
Section: Step 2 Cast Pe Solutionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Up-scaling into line production with automated operation will further depreciate the costs for PE-based TFC membranes. In Table 2, the estimated price of the in-lab synthesised TFC membrane is calculated based on the following four components used: a PP/PE non-woven support, PI porous layer, CA-based PE selective layer, and PDMS sealing layer [43,114].…”
Section: Production Up-scalingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…d[115]. e CA-PE price per unit weight is estimated based on the synthesis procedure of P[CA][Tf 2 N] with reagents supplied by commercial laboratory suppliers, such as Sigma Aldrich, Acros, TCI, etc [43]…”
Polymer-based CO2 selective membranes offer an energy efficient method to separate CO2 from flue gas. ‘Top-down’ polyelectrolytes represent a particularly interesting class of polymer materials based on their vast synthetic flexibility, tuneable interaction with gas molecules, ease of processability into thin films, and commercial availability of precursors. Recent developments in their synthesis and processing are reviewed herein. The four main groups of post-synthetically modified polyelectrolytes discern ionised neutral polymers, cation and anion functionalised polymers, and methacrylate-derived polyelectrolytes. These polyelectrolytes differentiate according to the origin and chemical structure of the precursor polymer. Polyelectrolytes are mostly processed into thin-film composite (TFC) membranes using physical and chemical layer deposition techniques such as solvent-casting, Langmuir-Blodgett, Layer-by-Layer, and chemical grafting. While solvent-casting allows manufacturing commercially competitive TFC membranes, other methods should still mature to become cost-efficient for large-scale application. Many post-synthetically modified polyelectrolytes exhibit outstanding selectivity for CO2 and some overcome the Robeson plot for CO2/N2 separation. However, their CO2 permeance remain low with only grafted and solvent-casted films being able to approach the industrially relevant performance parameters. The development of polyelectrolyte-based membranes for CO2 separation should direct further efforts at promoting the CO2 transport rates while maintaining high selectivities with additional emphasis on environmentally sourced precursor polymers.
“…Prevailing cationic PEs incorporate quaternary ammonium groups that provide almost inexhaustible combinations of nitrogen substituents for tailor-made polymer synthesis [43,[66][67][68][69][70]. In addition, quaternary ammonium-based PEs exhibit basic properties, are relatively stable and cost-efficient [61].…”
“…Solvent casting was successfully implemented in preparation of thick dense films (> 20 micron) and thin-film composites with a selective film (< 20 micron) based on various 'top-down' PE and PE-based materials [43,[68][69][70][71]83,[90][91][92][93]. Still the mechanical properties of the PE chains control the mechanical stability of the resulting films [67].…”
Section: Step 2 Cast Pe Solutionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Up-scaling into line production with automated operation will further depreciate the costs for PE-based TFC membranes. In Table 2, the estimated price of the in-lab synthesised TFC membrane is calculated based on the following four components used: a PP/PE non-woven support, PI porous layer, CA-based PE selective layer, and PDMS sealing layer [43,114].…”
Section: Production Up-scalingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…d[115]. e CA-PE price per unit weight is estimated based on the synthesis procedure of P[CA][Tf 2 N] with reagents supplied by commercial laboratory suppliers, such as Sigma Aldrich, Acros, TCI, etc [43]…”
Polymer-based CO2 selective membranes offer an energy efficient method to separate CO2 from flue gas. ‘Top-down’ polyelectrolytes represent a particularly interesting class of polymer materials based on their vast synthetic flexibility, tuneable interaction with gas molecules, ease of processability into thin films, and commercial availability of precursors. Recent developments in their synthesis and processing are reviewed herein. The four main groups of post-synthetically modified polyelectrolytes discern ionised neutral polymers, cation and anion functionalised polymers, and methacrylate-derived polyelectrolytes. These polyelectrolytes differentiate according to the origin and chemical structure of the precursor polymer. Polyelectrolytes are mostly processed into thin-film composite (TFC) membranes using physical and chemical layer deposition techniques such as solvent-casting, Langmuir-Blodgett, Layer-by-Layer, and chemical grafting. While solvent-casting allows manufacturing commercially competitive TFC membranes, other methods should still mature to become cost-efficient for large-scale application. Many post-synthetically modified polyelectrolytes exhibit outstanding selectivity for CO2 and some overcome the Robeson plot for CO2/N2 separation. However, their CO2 permeance remain low with only grafted and solvent-casted films being able to approach the industrially relevant performance parameters. The development of polyelectrolyte-based membranes for CO2 separation should direct further efforts at promoting the CO2 transport rates while maintaining high selectivities with additional emphasis on environmentally sourced precursor polymers.
“…The current applications of ionic liquids in gas membrane technology are mainly reflected in the separation of CO 2 , which is mainly due to the excellent solubility and selectivity of ionic liquids towards CO 2 , especially in the case of ionic liquids containing functional imidazole groups [25]. Nikolaeva et al [26]. have synthesized a new cellulose-derived poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) and characterized it for CO 2 separation.…”
Ethyl cellulose was grafted with ionic liquids in optimal yields (62.5–64.1%) and grafting degrees (5.93–7.90%) by the esterification of the hydroxyl groups in ethyl cellulose with the carboxyl groups in ionic liquids. In IR spectra of the ethyl cellulose derivatives exhibited C=O bond stretching vibration peaks at 1760 or 1740 cm−1, confirming the formation of the ester groups and furnishing the evidence of the successful grafting of ethyl cellulose with ionic liquids. The ethyl cellulose grafted with ionic liquids could be formed into membranes by using the casting solution method. The resulting membranes exhibited good membrane forming ability and mechanical properties. The EC grafted with ionic liquids-based membranes demonstrated PCO2/PCH4 separation factors of up to 18.8, whereas the PCO2/PCH4 separation factor of 9.0 was obtained for pure EC membrane (both for CO2/CH4 mixture gas). The membranes also demonstrated an excellent gas permeability coefficient PCO2, up to 199 Barrer, which was higher than pure EC (PCO2 = 46.8 Barrer). Therefore, it can be concluded that the ionic liquids with imidazole groups are immensely useful for improving the gas separation performances of EC membranes.
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