The perceptual, heart rate and technical-tactical characteristics of 3 × 3 basketball

McGown, Riley B; Ball, Nick; Legg, Jan S; Mara, Jocelyn K

doi:10.1177/1747954120930916

Cited by 14 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…However, human motion is very complex and cannot be described by a simple rigid body model due to the presence of soft tissues such as muscles and tendons. Therefore, accurate tracking and quantification of dynamic human postures is one of the challenges faced by experts in computer vision, machine learning, and motion science [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Learning Algorithm-Based Target Detection and Fine Localization of Technical Features in Basketball

Lian

et al. 2022

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience

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Based on SSD to detect players, a super-pixel-based FCN-CNN player segmentation algorithm is proposed to filter out the complex background around players, which is more conducive to the subsequent pose estimation for target detection and fine localization of basketball technical features. The high resolution capability of CNN is used to extract images and perform computational preprocessing to identify typical basketball sports actions in video streams—rebounds, shots, and passes—with an accuracy rate of up to 95.6%. By comparing with three classical classification algorithms, the results prove that the target detection system proposed in this study is effective for target detection and fine localization of basketball sports technical features.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Learning Algorithm-Based Target Detection and Fine Localization of Technical Features in Basketball

Lian

et al. 2022

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience

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“…Because in 3 × 3 two to three games are played per day in multiple-day tournaments [ 2 ], it is important not only to analyze a single game but also to focus on the whole tournament. Three athletes from the GC group and four athletes from the RF group were measured seven times during a two-day tournament.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three-on-three (3 × 3) basketball is a sport consisting of numerous accelerations, decelerations, jumps, and changes-of-direction, which occur in about 10 min of game duration [ 1 ]. Compared to 5-on-5 basketball, games are organized as tournaments, which results in teams playing several matches per day, usually on two or more consecutive days [ 2 ]. Knowing the workload of the games is important to understand sport-specific demands, plan training sessions accordingly, and establish optimal regeneration or preparation routines during tournaments [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 3 × 3, an average HR of about 164 beats per minute is reported for males and females [ 1 ]. During a tournament, most of the time is spent in the range of 90–100% of the athletes’ peak HR [ 2 ]. In addition to the cardiovascular stress, various tissues that comprise the musculoskeletal system are also mechanically stressed [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship between external and internal load parameters in 3 × 3 basketball tournaments

Willberg

Wieland

Rettenmaier

et al. 2022

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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Purpose 3 × 3 basketball games are characterized by high-intensity accelerations and decelerations, and a high number of changes of direction and jumps. It is played in tournament form with multiple games per day. Therefore, optimal regeneration is crucial for maintaining a high performance level over the course of the tournament. To elucidate how load of a match affects the athletes' bodies (i.e., internal load), muscular responses to the load of 3 × 3 games were analyzed. We aimed to investigate changes in contractility of the m. rectus femoris (RF) and m. gastrocnemius medialis (GC) in response to the load of single 3 × 3 games and a 3 × 3 tournament. Methods Inertial movement analysis was conducted to capture game load in 3 × 3. Changes in contractility were measured using tensiomyography (TMG). During a two-day tournament, TMG measurements were conducted in the morning and after each game. Additionally, off-game performance analysis consisting of jump and change-of-direction (COD) tests was conducted the day before the tournament. Results Significant changes of the muscle contractility were found for GC with TMG values being higher in the baseline than in the post-game measurements. In contrast to athletes of the GC group, athletes of the RF group responded with either decreased or increased muscle contractility after a single 3 × 3 game. A significant correlation between external and internal load parameters could not be shown. Concerning off-game performance, significant correlations can be reported for COD test duration, CMJ height and ∆Vc as well as COD test duration and ∆Dm. No systematic changes in muscle contractility were found over the course of the tournament in RF and GC. Conclusion The athletes' external 3 × 3 game load and their performance level did not seem to affect muscular contractility after a single 3 × 3 game or a complete 3 × 3 tournament within this investigation. This might indicate that elite athletes can resist external load without relevant local muscular fatigue. With respect to the course of the tournament, it can therefore be concluded that the breaks between games seem to be sufficient to return to the initial level of muscle contractility.

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“…Despite 3 × 3 becoming an official part of the Olympic tournament for the first time in Tokyo 2020, there are only a few systematic reports and scientific analyses. Studies published so far have used positional analysis (GPS), 5 video analysis, 6,7 heart rate telemetry, 5,7 and inertial movement analysis (IMA) 5 to capture load characteristics of 3 × 3 basketball. The parameters used can be subdivided into external and internal load, with external load describing the physical work performed during training or competition (resulting in mechanical stress on tissues and joints) 8 and internal load providing information about the individual response to those impacts (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing acute and daily load parameters in match situations – a comparison of classic and 3 × 3 basketball

Willberg

Wellm

Behringer

et al. 2022

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching

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Purpose 3 × 3 is a variation of classic basketball (BB) that imposes new demands on both athletes and coaches. The objective of this study was to comprehensively describe similarities and differences in load structures between 3 × 3 and BB. Method Between January 2020 and July 2021, internal and external load parameters of 90 elite BB and 3 × 3 athletes were monitored during 84 games using a local positioning system (10 Hz) and inertial movement sensors (100 Hz). Results Male BB games last about 90 min; female games are shorter (82 min). Game duration in 3 × 3 is about 16 min. Compared with BB, 3 × 3 athletes perform more medium- and high-intensity accelerations and decelerations, explosive efforts, jumps, and changes of direction (CODs) per min. Average heart rates do not differ between the two disciplines, yet 3 × 3 games are rated as more exhausting than BB games. During a 3 × 3 tournament, no decrease in load characteristics is found in the final games. However, ratings of perceived exertion increase consecutively. Average possession duration in 3 × 3 is 5.4 s in which 1.4 passes are played. Most 2-point shots and turnovers occur in the last minutes (11 min – end) of the game. Conclusion The findings of this study will help 3 × 3 coaches and athletes to design more effective training programmes and improve athletic performance. They indicate a need to focus on high accelerations, transitions, COD skills, and shooting under pressure in 3 × 3.

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The perceptual, heart rate and technical-tactical characteristics of 3 × 3 basketball

Cited by 14 publications

References 30 publications

Deep Learning Algorithm-Based Target Detection and Fine Localization of Technical Features in Basketball

Deep Learning Algorithm-Based Target Detection and Fine Localization of Technical Features in Basketball

The relationship between external and internal load parameters in 3 × 3 basketball tournaments

Analyzing acute and daily load parameters in match situations – a comparison of classic and 3 × 3 basketball

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