The pension system in Peru: Parallels and intersections

Abstract

In this article, we estimate the active and passive contributory pension coverage rates in Peru since the structural reform of social security in 1992. Further, we delineate a supply‐and‐demand model for the pension market. Using a diagram based on this model, we analyze the impact of re‐reforms that have increased the competitiveness of the pension system and in an effort to promote worker affiliation. Re‐reform has shifted the supply of pension services, but the demand for such services has remained constant at 28% of the labor force. Thus, coverage has not meaningfully increase. In the conclusion section of the article, we consider various policy interventions intended to increase demand, which might include instituting mandatory contributions for the self‐employed and/or increasing the proportion of registered employees. In addition, to mitigate income insecurity for older people, given the low active and passive coverage rates, we recommend that access to social pensions be increased.Key Practitioner Message: • Estimation of the active and the passive pension coverage trajectories since the social security structural reform. • Delineation of a conceptual framework to describe the pension market using supply and demand functions. • Alternative interventions to increase coverage, that is, strengthening the competitiveness of the pension market, shifting the demand and universal social pensions.

Spatial matching relationship between health tourism destinations and population aging in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration

“…The coefficient of the matching degree between the health tourism destination and the elderly population is the ratio of the regional health tourism destination proportion to the elderly population proportion; it can depict the spatial matching between the regional health tourism destination and the elderly population. Based on previous studies and combined with the specific situation of the matching degree between the health tourism destination and the elderly population in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration, the matching degree is divided into three situations (table 2): RI 0.8 < is a resource lag type, which means that the Agglomeration degree of health tourism destinations lags behind the Agglomeration degree of the elderly population, and the matching degree between health tourism destinations and the elderly population in this area is low; RI 0.8 1.2  < is the basic matching type, which means that the Agglomeration degree of health tourism destinations is about the same as that of the elderly population, and the spatial distribution of health tourism destinations and the elderly population in this area is basically matched; and RI 1.2  is the resource advanced type, which means that the Agglomeration degree of health care tourism is ahead of the Agglomeration of the elderly population, and the service advantage of health care tourism in this area is obvious [16].…”

“…An increase in the elderly population has dramatically increased the demand for social pensions [15][16][17]. In order to ensure the fair distribution of pension resources, some scholars have analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of pension resources.…”