The Pediatric Burden of Human Coronaviruses Evaluated for Twenty Years

Abstract

HCoV-NL63 and OC43 are associated with a significant proportion of LRI in children less than 2 years of age and a substantial number of medically attended URI episodes.

Detection of the Human Coronavirus 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 between 2010 and 2013 in Yamagata, Japan

“…Our result and those of previous reports (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)12,(14)(15)(16)19,20) suggest that HCoVs peak mainly in winter, although they can be detected throughout the year. Table 1 shows respiratory specimens with coinfection of HCoVs and other viruses, which were identified by virus isolation using a microplate method between 2010 and 2013 in Yamagata, Japan.…”

“…Our results also indicated that the frequency of HCoV detection per year ranged from 3.5z in 2013 to 9.7z in 2012. The detection frequencies of HCoVs in respiratory samples reported in the literature are highly variable, ranging from 1.6z to 16.0z, depending on the country, study period, study population, and detection modality (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). The most commonly observed HCoV in our survey was HCoV-NL63, whereas many previous studies reported a predominance of HCoV-OC43 (2,5-15).…”

“…HCoV-229E detection peaked in March 2013 (10.8z); however, it was detected at low levels throughout the study period. Many previous studies have also reported low frequencies of HCoV-229E compared with the frequencies of other HCoVs (2,3,(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(14)(15)(16)(17). HCoV-229E was mainly detected in spring, although the seasonal pattern of 229E could not be determined because of the small number of positive cases.…”

“…Four HCoVs (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1) are associated with a wide range of respiratory illness, including common colds, and with high morbidity outcomes, such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis (1)(2)(3). These four HCoVs are found globally, although the frequency of detection of these HCoVs varies with geographical location (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Poor growth and a lack of cytopathic effects on cell cultures have been major deterrents to HCoV research in the past (1).…”

Effect of Human Coronavirus OC43 Structural and Accessory Proteins on the Transcriptional Activation of Antiviral Response Elements

“…HCoV-OC43 infection has been associated mainly with upper respiratory tract symptoms and exacerbation of asthma and pneumonia in some groups and institutional settings [1][2][3][4]. The virus has also been associated with severe neurological disorders like acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children [5,6].…”