“…(SCHOLLEY, 2001). Most of the researchers that evaluate the differences between online educations and conventional face-to-face education usually use the measurement of student attitudes and/or preferences (Alavi, Yoo, & Vogel, 1997;Aragon, Johnson, & Shaik, 2002;Caetano, Oliveira, Araújo, & Rêgo, 2018;Estelami, 2017;Glenn, 2001;Johnson, Aragon, Shaik, & Palma-Rivas, 1999;Leszczyński et al, 2018;Ponzurick, France, & Logar, 2000;Pratt & Williamson-Leadley, 2017). On the other hand, other researchers have implemented direct measures of student's learning outcomes such as GPAs or exam grades in order to measure differences in the educational methods (Ajiboye, Bakare, Fatima, & Shakira, 2018;Bidjerano, 2016;Graber, 2016;Hachey, Wladis, & Conway, 2015;Johnson et al, 1999;Leasure, Davis, & Thievon, 2000;Smeaton & Keogh, 1999;Tucker, 2000;Tuckman, 2002).…”