“…Moyo (2019) also highlights that the availability of educational technologies in South African HEIs has been acknowledged although in some institutions it is not effectively integrated. Several reports and studies(Mpungose, 2020;Louton & Hugo;, Ndlovu, Ndebele, & Mbambo, 2022, however, indicate that when all institutions of learning were forced to migrate abruptly to online learning when South Africa instituted a state of emergency in 2020 response to the Covid-19 epidemic, many HEIs (especially TVET colleges) lacked the capacity to engage effectively with online learning due to the lack of infrastructure and training. Similarly, du Plessis et al (2022) revealed that while the HEIs were vulnerable and disordered at the beginning of Covid-19, various obstacles emerged regarding the disparities within and among…”