The pc12 cell as a model for studies of the mechanism of induction of peripheral neuropathy by anti-HIV-1 dideoxynucleoside analogs

Chlorpyrifos- and chlorpyrifos oxon-induced neurite retraction in pre-differentiated N2a cells is associated with transient hyperphosphorylation of neurofilament heavy chain and ERK 1/2

“…Therefore, the observation that the average and maximum lengths of neurites in cells stained with Ta51 were greater than the same values for B512 stained cells is consistent with the view that a significant proportion of longer neurites in differentiating N2a cells are axon-like (Keilbaugh et al, 1991;Sachana et al 2003 Total α-tubulin 2 106 ± 9 98 ± 5 4 104 ± 2 107 ± 9 8 102 ± 7 104 ± 9 Table 2: Densitometric analyses of Western blots probed with antibodies to cell signaling proteins. N2a cell lysates were induced to differentiate for 20 h prior to being treated with or without 3 μM of CPF or CPO for 2, 4 and 8 h. They were then subjected to SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analysis using antibodies that recognise total ERK 1/2 (K-23) and phosphorylated ERK 1/2 MAP kinase (E-4).…”

“…From each well, four random fields of view were selected giving a total cell count of 200-300 cells/well. In each field, the total number of cells and the total number of axon-like processes (long neurites; defined as extensions greater than two cell body diameters in length with an extension foot; Keilbaugh et al 1991) were recorded and the mean number of long neurites per 100 cells was calculated (Flaskos et al 1998).…”

Role of transglutaminase 2 in PAC1 receptor mediated protection against hypoxia-induced cell death and neurite outgrowth in differentiating N2a neuroblastoma cells

“…The total number of cells and the number of axon-like processes, defined as extensions greater than two cell body diameters in length with an extension foot (Keilbaugh et al, 1991) were recorded.…”

Inhibition of neurite outgrowth in differentiating mouse N2a neuroblastoma cells by phenyl saligenin phosphate: Effects on MAP kinase (ERK 1/2) activation, neurofilament heavy chain phosphorylation and neuropathy target esterase activity

“…This involved the quantification of axon-like processes, defined according to Keilbaugh et al [32] as neurites greater than 2 cell body diameters in length. Small extensions were defined as outgrowths between 0.5 and 2 cell body diameters in length and the numbers of cells with round or flattened morphology were also determined.…”