The Payne Effect in Double Network Elastomers

Abstract

Double network elastomers were prepared by curing under strain previously-crosslinked natural rubber or styrene-butadiene copolymer. The rubbers were reinforced with carbon black, so that the conventional (singly-cured) materials exhibited a substantial Payne effect, reflecting agglomeration of the filler particles. This effect was much reduced in the double networks - the storage modulus varied more weakly with strain amplitude, and the mechanical hysteresis was substantially smaller. Comparable results were obtained for dynamic mechanical measurements employing different test geometries; that is, the effect is independent of the direction of the strain relative to the orientation of the double network. These results indicate that deformation during the imposition of a second network disrupts the carbon black agglomerates, and this deflocculated structure is stabilized by the second crosslinking. Thus, double network processing is a general means to lower the hysteresis of filled rubbers.

Influence of Lignocellulose Fillers on Properties Natural Rubber Composites

“…The modulus value decreases with increasing strain, the so called Payne effect (ΔG′), which is due to partially breakdown of the filler network. The modulus is a combination of filler interactions in the crosslinked rubber network contribution and a hydrodynamic effect of the filler [29]. The aim of determination of the filler structure in the matrix, the dynamic mechanical analysis of the filled composites were done with a wide range of deformation at room temperature.…”

Mechanical and thermo‐mechanical studies of double networks based on thermoplastic elastomers

“…In the last 2 decades, many studies probed the physical properties of double networks, with the intent of applying them to practical applications. Properties studied included stress relaxation behavior,24 orientation and crystallization effects,1, 25 electrical conductivity,26 tensile properties,27 fatigue,28 birefringence,29 creep‐recovery,30, 31 swelling,32, 33 failure properties,34 dynamic properties, and filler effects 35. However, little attention has been given to the thermal and thermomechanical behavior, despite their significance in applications such as o ‐rings, actuators, encapsulants, and dampers.…”

Unconventional Rubber Networks: Circumventing the Compromise Between Stiffness and Strength

“…This modulus enhancement is illustrated in Figure 5 for a series of elastomers having the same total cross-link density 49 but with different strains during the second cross-linking. For double networks reinforced with carbon black, lower electrical conductivity 50 and suppression of the Payne effect 51 have been observed, both consistent with deflocculation of the filler particles by the strain imposed during curing.…”