The patterns of retinal ganglion cell death in hypertensive eyes

Laquis, Stephen J.; Chaudhary, Poras; Sharma, S. C.

doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01189-x

Cited by 107 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Most of the studies (Laquis 1998;Ko 2001) rely on either histological sections or sampling to estimate RGC numbers. RGC loss is usually reported as a percentage change of the number of RGCs or in mean RGC density relative to the contralateral eye.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of retinal damage in the episcleral vein cauterization rat glaucoma model

Danias

Shen

Kavalarakis

et al. 2006

Experimental Eye Research

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Episcleral vein cauterization (EVC) is used in rats to generate a glaucoma model with high intraocular pressure (IOP). The long-term retinal damage in this glaucoma model however, has not been accurately quantified. We report the location and amount of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage caused by (EVC) induced IOP elevation in two rat strains.IOP was raised in one eye of Wistar(N=5) and Brown-Norway(B-N)(N=7) rats by EVC and monitored monthly until IOP in contralateral eyes equalized at 5 months post-surgery. Animals were maintained for 3.5-4.5 additional months. B-N rats(N=7) that had no EVC served as controls for this strain. Scotopic flash ERGs were recorded at baseline and just prior to euthanasia. Automated counts of all retrogradely labeled RGCs in retinal flat-mounts were determined and compared between contralateral eyes. RGC density maps were constructed and RGC size distribution was determined.Oscillatory potentials in the group of eyes which had elevated IOP were decreased at the time of euthanasia, when IOP had returned to normal. A group of normal B-N rats had similar RGC counts between contralateral eyes. In the experimental group the mean number of RGCs was not significantly different between control and experimental eyes, but 1 of 5 Wistar and 2 of 7 B-N experimental eyes had at least 30% fewer RGCs from contralateral control eyes. Total retinal area in B-N experimental eyes was higher compared with contralateral eyes. Cumulative IOP exposure of the experimental eyes was modestly correlated with RGC loss while oscillatory potentials appeared to be inversely related to RGC loss. In retinas with extensive (>30% RGC loss) but not complete damage, smaller cells were preserved better than larger ones.The above results indicate that RGC loss in both Wistar and B-N strains is variable after a prolonged elevation of IOP via EVC. Such variability despite equivalent IOP levels and ERG abnormalities, suggests unknown factors that can protect IOP-stressed RGCs. Identification and enhancement of such factors could prove useful for glaucoma therapy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of retinal damage in the episcleral vein cauterization rat glaucoma model

Danias

Shen

Kavalarakis

et al. 2006

Experimental Eye Research

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“…A greater loss of RGCs in the peripheral retina in monkey and rat models of experimental glaucoma has previously been reported (Laquis et al, 1998;Vickers et al, 1995). A more detailed analysis revealed that regions located in temporal quadrants showed a greater loss of RGCs (Ruiz-Ederra et al, 2005a).…”

Section: Retinal Ganglion Cell Deathmentioning

confidence: 56%

Glaucoma Animal Models

Vecino¹,

Sharma²

2011

Glaucoma - Basic and Clinical Concepts

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“…Also, a preferential loss of ganglion cells in the peripheral retina seems to occur in experimental glaucoma both in monkeys 42 and rats. 7 It would appear, therefore, that a diVerential rate of death of ganglion cells occurs. One explanation is that a greater rotation or disruption of the cribrosal beams at the periphery of the optic disc accounts for a periphery to centre progression of visual field loss in glaucoma.…”

Section: Figure 1 Possible Causes Of Ganglion Cell Death In Glaucomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3][4][5][6] It is clear from such studies that ganglion cells do not all die at the same time. [4][5][6][7][8] Furthermore, the rate of deterioration of ganglion cells is proportional to the magnitude of the insult. 9 The reason for the initiation of ganglion cell death in glaucoma is unknown, but a number of explanatory theories have been proposed with the vasogenic theory perhaps the most widely accepted hypothesis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%