The Pattern of Non-AIDS-defining Cancers in the HIV Population: Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Prognosis. A Review

Abstract

: The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly reduced the incidence of AIDS events, including AIDS-defining malignancies. Nevertheless, several cohort studies conducted in the post-HAART period have reported an increasing risk of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADC). : Overall, the potential mechanisms leading to an increased risk of developing NADCs probably involve multiple known and unknown factors. In addition to ageing, chronic inflammation and ongoing immune system dysregulation, other contributing factors are co-infection with potentially oncogenic viruses (HBV, HCV, HPV, EBV) and high-risk behaviours such as tobacco smoking. : As a consequence of these risk factors, high standardized incidence ratios have been consistently reported, mainly in cohort studies regarding smoking-related cancers (lung cancer, but also pharyngeal and kidney cancer), due to the far more common cigarette smoking habit in the HIV-population. Also in the setting of infection-related malignancies, the high frequency of liver cancer, as a consequence of HBV and HCV co-infection is well known. Similarly, HPV infection accounts for the higher risk of anal cancer. On the same line, Hodgkin lymphoma is more frequent in the HIV population, due to the dysregulation and proliferation of EBV-infected lymphocytes. : Several studies addressed the direct relationship between immunosuppression and cancer progression, showing that subjects with HIV infection experience higher cancer-specific mortality, as compared to the general population, independently of cancer stage or cancer treatment. : In the HIV population, for many NADCs, the prognosis is still worse as compared to the general population. However, an improvement has been reported over the last decades, mainly thanks to more available and adequate treatment chances.

Recycling the Purpose of Old Drugs to Treat Ovarian Cancer

“…Interestingly, some studies demonstrated that, in HIV patients treated with HAART [ 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 ], the incidence rate of some cancers is, in fact, lower. Corroborating these findings, results from other studies reported associations of a potential anti-neoplastic impact of HAART [ 224 , 225 , 226 , 227 ]. It has been shown that ritonavir induces apoptosis of lymphoblastic tumour cells including lymphoma, myeloid leukaemia, fibrosarcoma, mastocytoma, and Kaposi’s sarcoma [ 228 , 229 , 230 , 231 ].…”

The contribution of Latin American research to HPV epidemiology and natural history knowledge

“…Severe alterations in the immune system result in higher prevalence of clinically relevant HPV infections. In fact, co-infection with HIV has been shown to impair cell-mediated immune control of HPV infections (62). Host genetics and other influences on host immunity might also affect the immune response to HPV infection; weak associations of human leukocyte antigen DRB1 and DQB1 genes with risk of CIN3 have been described (63).…”

Risk, Diagnostic and Predictor Factors for Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma in HIV-1-Infected Individuals: Role of Plasma Exosome-Derived miR-20a and miR-21

“…Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved immune function and reduced the risk of developing AIDS in individuals with HIV-1 infection [1,2]. In line with the improved viral control achieved by cART, the risk of developing AIDS-defining cancers, such as Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), have declined significantly, whereas non-AIDS defining malignancies, such as plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) and classical Hodgkin´s lymphoma (cHL), have remained stable or increased in incidence [3][4][5][6].…”