The pattern of brain c-fos mRNA induced by a component of fox odor, 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-Trimethylthiazoline (TMT), in rats, suggests both systemic and processive stress characteristics

Acute and chronic effects of ferret odor exposure in Sprague–Dawley rats

“…This strategy permitted an initial evaluation of the brain circuits activated by ferret odor, together with comparisons with similar studies using cat odors Canteras et al, 1997;Canteras and Goto, 1999;Dielenberg et al, 2001b;McGregor et al, 2004), 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT), a component of fox feces (Day et al, 2004;Funk and Amir, 2000;Redmond et al, 2002;Rosen et al, 2005), and some of our previous studies with the non-predatory loud noise stress (Burow et al, 2005;. Many brain areas displayed higher levels of c-fos mRNA induction to ferret compared with control odor (see Table 1).…”

Preferential loss of dorsal-hippocampus synapses underlies memory impairments provoked by short, multi-modal stress

“…3,5,[66][67][68][69][70][71] In addition, distinct effects of specific modalities of stress (physical or psychological) have been well studied. 19,20,35,72,73 Given that many stressful experiences are not unitary or discrete, this study sought to understand the effects of multiple concurrent stresses, and to determine whether the effects on the brain are distinguishable from those following single stress of similar intensity. We chose a duration of hours, because many stressful episodes may last hours rather than seconds or weeks, and are thus neither acute (minutes) nor chronic (days/weeks).…”

“…45,89,90 Indeed, various models of stress have been shown to activate neurons throughout the brain, including hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and cortex. 72,[90][91][92][93][94][95] Much of this work has categorized different forms of stress (physical, psychological, social) and has identified distinct and partially overlapping circuits recruited by different stress modalities. 16,[18][19][20]35,96,97 Here, Fos mapping revealed distinctive activation of specific neuronal populations and networks by a multimodal compared with a more discrete stress.…”

Estudo da participação da matéria cinzenta periaquedutal dorsal no comportamento defensivo de camundongos através do emprego de diferentes modelos animais de ansiedade: a estimulação química e a exposição ao predador

“…Large lesions in the area of the PAG dramatically reduce defensive behaviors to a potential predator in wild rats (Blanchard et al, 1981), although lesions of the dorsal PAG have much lesser effects on contextual conditioned fear responses (Leman et al, 2003). A striking c-Fos activation of the dorsal PAG has been reported in rats exposed to a predator (cat) or to cat odor (Canteras and Goto, 1999;Dielenberg et al, 2001), but, interestingly, not to trimethylthiazoline, a synthetic fox anal gland odor that is often used to elicit defensiveness in laboratory studies (Day et al, 2004).…”

“…Large lesions in the area of the PAG dramatically reduce defensive behaviors to a potential predator in wild rats (Blanchard et al, 1981), although lesions of the dorsal PAG have much lesser effects on contextual conditioned fear responses (Leman et al, 2003). A striking c-Fos activation of the dorsal PAG has been reported in rats exposed to a predator (cat) or to cat odor (Canteras and Goto, 1999;Dielenberg et al, 2001), but, interestingly, not to trimethylthiazoline, a synthetic fox anal gland odor that is often used to elicit defensiveness in laboratory studies (Day et al, 2004).While the present results do not indicate that the jumping and running behaviors initially elicited by D,L-homocysteic stimulation of the dorsal PAG reflect enhancement of defensiveness to a predator, they should not be taken as counter indicating a role for the dorsal PAG in defense. The dose given of D,Lhomocysteic -albeit not outside the range of doses used in similar studies and far less than many-may have had highly unphysiological effects on the activity of the area stimulated.…”