The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review

Kroenke, Kurt; Spitzer, Robert L.; Williams, Janet B. W.; Löwe, Bernd

doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006

Cited by 3,103 publications

(2,597 citation statements)

References 165 publications

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“…A main finding is that three-quarters of the people in this study who self-identified as feeling much or very much threatened in the week following the terrorist attacks in Brussels felt bad and reported moderate to severe levels of mental or physical health problems (Kroenke et al, 2002, 2010). Some subgroups reported more negative effects: people working or living in the region of the attacks, women and religious people, especially Muslims.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate if these subjective health problems will abate spontaneously or persevere and might require treatment by a professional caregiver. Self-administrated scales have been suggested as an efficient method for stratifying people into screen-positive and screen-negative groups, and might therefore be helpful by allowing clinicians to prioritize their limited time in favour of a smaller group with high scores (Kroenke et al, 2010). However, no systematic attempts have been made to identify populations at risk early after the attacks (Gruebner et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mental health problems were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) (Kroenke et al, 2010), a validated tool for detecting anxiety and depression, the two most common mental disorders for which the scores are strongly associated with functional impairment and healthcare use (Cronbach’s alpha = .878). Respondents were asked to indicate how often they have been bothered by each symptom in the week following the attacks, on a scale ranging from ‘Never’ = 0, ‘One or a few days’ = 1, ‘More than half of the week’ = 2 to ‘Every day’ = 3.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ACSA was further recoded into five subgroups ranging from worst (−5 or −4) to best (+ 4 or + 5) period of the respondent’s life. PHQ-4 and PHQ-15 were recoded into four categories (‘none’, ‘mild’, ‘moderate’ and ‘severe’ psychological distress and ‘minimal’, ‘low’, ‘medium’ and ‘high’ level of physical health problems) (Kroenke et al, 2002, 2010). We tested difference in the level of threat by characteristics of the respondents with Chi-square and association between feeling threatened and subjective health with independent t -tests.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More specifically, the role of perceived threat on subjective health is less clear. Subjective health is an important indicator because it is strongly associated with morbidity (Goldberg P, 2001) and functional impairment (Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams, & Löwe, 2010). It can reflect the objective health status and serve as a global measure of health status in the general population (Benjamins, Hummer, Eberstein, & Nam, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between feeling threatened by a terrorist attack and subjective health: a web survey a week after the attacks of 22 March 2016 in Belgium

Deschepper

Six

Gidron

et al. 2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: The wave of terrorist attacks over the past years in Europe and other regions may cause problems such as anxiety and depressive symptoms. Some studies suggest that perceived threat might also trigger physical health problems.Objective: To investigate the association between feeling threatened and subjective health during the week following a terrorist attack.Method: Online survey with a self-selected sample in the Belgian population one week after the terrorist attacks in 2016. Participants were invited through the Belgian media to fill in a questionnaire in Dutch, French or English on a website. The main outcomes were the association between ‘feeling threatened’ and subjective health problems. Perceived threat was measured with the question ‘During the week after the attacks … Did you feel threatened?’ Subjective health was measured by using standardized scales (ACSA, PHQ-4, PHQ-15).Results: A total of 2620 respondents completed the questionnaire, of whom 69.8% were female, 27.7% lived and 43.1% worked in Brussels. Gender, age, place of living and working, media exposure, religiousness and religious affiliation were associated significantly with higher perceived threat. A total of 21% of the respondents felt much or very much threatened during the week after the attacks. They reported significantly higher levels of mental and physical health problems. The most frequently reported problems were anxiety and depressive symptoms. The health problems that differentiated most markedly between those with low and high levels of perceived threat were fainting spells, chest pain and shortness of breath.Conclusion: In a self-selected sample of respondents, ‘feeling threatened’ was strongly associated with lower level of wellbeing and higher levels of mental and physical health problems. The most prevalent health problems were mental health problems but the most pronounced differences between people with low versus high levels of perceived threat were physical health problems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between feeling threatened by a terrorist attack and subjective health: a web survey a week after the attacks of 22 March 2016 in Belgium

Deschepper

Six

Gidron

et al. 2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Older Adults With Severe, Treatment-Resistant Depression

Unützer¹,

Park²

2012

JAMA

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Depression is one of the most common, disabling, and costly conditions encountered in older primary care patients. Using the case of a 69-year-old woman who struggled with prolonged depression and comorbid medical illnesses, this article summarizes effective strategies for detection and treatment of late-life depression. Clinicians should screen older patients for depression using a standard rating scale, initiate effective treatment such as antidepressant medications or evidence-based psychotherapies, and carefully follow for improvement of depression symptoms. Patients who are not improving should be considered for psychiatric consultation and additional treatments such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Several changes in treatment are often needed before patients achieve remission, and maintenance treatment and relapse prevention planning can reduce the risk of relapse. Evidence-based collaborative programs, in which primary care providers work closely with special mental health providers, following a measurement-based treatment-to-target approach have been shown to be significantly more effective than usual primary care.

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Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Adults With Comorbid Medical Conditions

Whooley¹

2012

JAMA

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The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review

Cited by 3,103 publications

References 165 publications

Association between feeling threatened by a terrorist attack and subjective health: a web survey a week after the attacks of 22 March 2016 in Belgium

Association between feeling threatened by a terrorist attack and subjective health: a web survey a week after the attacks of 22 March 2016 in Belgium

Older Adults With Severe, Treatment-Resistant Depression

Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Adults With Comorbid Medical Conditions

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