The pathways of extraneural spread in metastasizing gliomas

Liwnicz, Boleslaw H.; Rubinstein, Lucien J.

doi:10.1016/s0046-8177(79)80051-9

Cited by 171 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Although the most common sites for extradural spread with direct involvement of bone are the cerebral convexities and the middle cranial fossae, these occurrences are exceedingly rare. 3 We were able to find 12 reported cases of glioblastoma spreading spontaneously through the skull base. They are summarized in the Table. Our case is unique in that there was minimal intracranial/intradural disease and isolated extension through the native foramen ovale.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Although there are data to suggest that glial tumors can perform the steps necessary to do this primarily, 3 historically, it has been thought that extracranial dissemination of GBM occurred solely in the setting of a prior craniotomy, biopsy, or shunt placement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, at postmortem, many of these patients are found to have tumor that has entered the venous sinuses. 3,4 Transdural spread of GBM in patients without prior dural defects or at sites distant from a craniotomy defect is a rare occurrence with few reported cases. In their review, Kawano et al 5 described 3 routes for extradural extension of gliomas: 1) through the perivascular or dural slit at the middle cranial fossa, which is facilitated by intracranial hypertension; 2) along the cranial or spinal nerves; and 3) via the direct destruction of the dura mater.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transdural Spread of Glioblastoma through the Foramen Ovale with Presentation as a Masticator Space Mass

Kwak

Shatzkes²

2008

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transdural Spread of Glioblastoma through the Foramen Ovale with Presentation as a Masticator Space Mass

Kwak

Shatzkes²

2008

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

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“…Systemic metastases from intracranial glial tumors are rarely encountered [11]. Several theories have been suggested to explain this rarity, including the absence of intracranial lymphatic circulation, the presence of the blood-brain barrier, the narrowing of vessels due to mass growth, the failure of metastatic malignant clones to find an appropriate microenvironment in the extracranial tissues, and the short survival time [12,13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology of Metastatic Oligodendroglioma: Case Report and Literature Review

Can

Akpolat²,

Meydan³

et al. 2012

Acta Cytologica

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Background: Systemic metastasis of a glial tumor is a rare event. However, metastatic cases are anticipated to increase due to prolongation of survival as a result of the development of new treatment modalities. The possibility of metastasis should be considered in patients with a history of a glial tumor rather than a second primary tumor. Fine-needle aspiration cytology is one of the diagnostic procedures primarily applied for confirmation of metastasis in cases with a known primary focus. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of diagnostic cytomorphologic findings is required in these cases. Case Report: We report a young woman with oligodendroglioma metastasizing to the cervical lymphatic chain 5 years after initial diagnosis. Fine-needle aspiration cytology revealed a highly cellular smear with dispersed single cells and loosely cohesive cell clusters showing rosette-like features on a clean background. The relatively monotonous tumor cells were small sized and had round nuclei with moderate anisonucleosis and scant cytoplasm without extensions. Diagnostic confirmation was made by excisional biopsy and demonstration of 1p19q codeletion on tissue section by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Conclusion: A brief review of the literature with an emphasis on the cytologic features of metastatic oligodendroglioma and differential diagnosis with respect to other metastatic small round cell tumors is provided.

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“…This case and the 11 previously reported pediatric cases were grouped together and their clinical characteristics were compared with the clinical features of the 68 adult cases that have been reported in the literature up to 1995. [4][5][6][7][8] The study is an attempt to identify some of the features of ENM from GM which are unique to children. …”

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confidence: 99%

Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis from A Glioblastoma Multiforme in A Child: Report of A Case and A Review of The Literature

Ur-Rahman

et al. 1997

Ann Saudi Med

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AB Jamjoom, ZAB Jamjoom, N-U-Rahman, AC Al-Rikabi, Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis from a Glioblastoma Multiforme in a Child: Report of a Case and a Review of the Literature. 1997; 17(3): 340-343 Glioblastoma multiforme (GM) does not usually metastasize outside the central nervous system (CNS), and is rarer in children than in adults.1 To our knowledge, only 11 cases of childhood GM with extraneural metastasis (ENM) have thus far been reported in the literature. [1][2][3][4] The authors report a case of a four-yearrold male patient with a GM who developed cervical lymph node metastasis seven months after the original presentation. This case and the 11 previously reported pediatric cases were grouped together and their clinical characteristics were compared with the clinical features of the 68 adult cases that have been reported in the literature up to 1995. [4][5][6][7][8] The study is an attempt to identify some of the features of ENM from GM which are unique to children. Case HistoryA four-year-old male Indian patient was admitted to the Neurosurgical Division at King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) in April 1995 with a one-month history of headache, associated with anorexia and vomiting. On examination, the patient was inactive. He had papilledema and a left homonomous hemianopia but otherwise no neurological deficits. CT scan (Figure 1) showed a large right occipital lesion with irregular contrast enhancement, surrounding edema and mass effect. The patient underwent a craniotomy and total macroscopic excision of a vascular necrotic tumor. Histology (Figure 2) confirmed the tumor to be a glioblastoma multiforme which was focally positive to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The postoperative recovery was uneventful and the followup CT scan showed no evidence of any residual tumor.Referral for radiotherapy treatment was made but the child's parents declined the treatment. A month later, the patient was readmitted because of bulging of the bone flap at the site of the craniotomy, which was associated with vomiting. He remained conscious and apart from a left homonomous hemianopia he had no neurological deficits. CT scan showed a large recurrence of the tumor at the same location. The craniotomy was reopened and a total macroscopic excision of the recurrence was performed. There was no evidence of tumor invasion of the dura or the bone flap. The dura was closed and the bone flap was replaced. The postoperative recovery was uneventful and the follow-up CT scan showed no evidence of residual tumor. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of a recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. On this occasion the patient received radiotherapy treatment to the whole cranium (4000 cGy over four weeks, with a daily dose of 200 cGy), and tolerated it well.

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The pathways of extraneural spread in metastasizing gliomas

Cited by 171 publications

References 47 publications

Transdural Spread of Glioblastoma through the Foramen Ovale with Presentation as a Masticator Space Mass

Transdural Spread of Glioblastoma through the Foramen Ovale with Presentation as a Masticator Space Mass

Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology of Metastatic Oligodendroglioma: Case Report and Literature Review

Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis from A Glioblastoma Multiforme in A Child: Report of A Case and A Review of The Literature

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