The pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of atmospheric PM2.5 affecting cardiovascular health: A review

Feng, Shaolong; Huang, Fangfang; Zhang, Yuqi; Feng, Yashi; Zhang, Ying; Cao, Yunchang; Wang, Xinming

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114444

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 287 publications

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“…For example, it has been reported that PM2.5 can cause an increase in M1 macrophages, which leads to immune hyperactivity [ 11 ], and exacerbates lipid accumulation in macrophage foam cells, which causes atherosclerosis [ 17 ]. In addition, adverse effects not only on macrophages but also on the immune system as a whole (immunotoxicity) and damage to the cardiovascular system have been pointed out [ 19 , 20 ]. For example, a study measuring CD4(+)T cell counts and HIV viral load in the blood of HIV/AIDS patients exposed to PM2.5 showed that CD4(+)T cells decreased and HIV viral load increased as the concentration of PM2.5 in the air increased [ 19 ].…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-Chip Free-Flow Measurement Revealed Possible Depletion of Macrophages by Indigestible PM2.5 within a Few Hours by the Fastest Intervals of Serial Phagocytosis

et al. 2023

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To understand the influence of indigestible particles like particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) on macrophages, we examined the time course of the series phagocytosis of indigestible 2m polystyrene spheres (PS). Five kinds of antigens were used as samples for phagocytosis; Zymosan, non-coated 2 μm PS, bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated PS (BSA-PS), IgG-coated PS (IgG-PS), and IgG-BSA-coated PS (IgG/BSA-PS). To keep the surrounding concentration of antigens against single macrophages constant, antigens flowed at a continuous rate of 0.55m/s within a culture dish as a free-flow measurement assay (on-chip free-flow method). The interval of series phagocytosis for IgG/BSA-PS was the shortest among five samples; it was six times faster than Zymosan in terms of engulfment frequency, and up to 50 particles were engulfed within two hours, maintaining constant intervals until reaching the maximum number. The rate of increase in the total number of phagocytozed IgG/BSA-PS over time was constant, at per-mode=symbol 1.5 particles/, in series phagocytosis with a 33-cell population, indicating that the phagocytosis rate constant remained constant independent of the number of phagocytoses. Reaction model fitting of the results showed that IgG/BSA-PS had the highest efficiency in terms of the phagocytosis rate constant, 2.3 ×10−2 particles/min, whereas those of IgG-PS, BSA-PS, PS, and Zymosan were 1.4 ×10−2, 1.1 ×10−2, 4.2 ×10−3, and 3.6 ×10−3 particles/min, respectively. One-by-one feeding of IgG/BSA-PS with optical tweezers was examined to confirm the phagocytosis intervals, and we found that the intervals remained constant until several times before the maximum number of antigens for engulfment, also indicating no change in the phagocytosis rate constant regardless of the history of former phagocytosis and phagocytosis number. Simultaneous phagocytosis of two IgG-BSA-decorated microneedle engulfments also showed that the initiation and progress of two simultaneous engulfments on the two different places on a cell were independent and had the same elongation velocity. Therefore, each phagocytosis of indigestible antigens does not affect both in series or in simultaneous subsequent phagocytosis until reaching the maximum capacity of the phagocytosis number. The results suggest (1) no change in the phagocytosis rate constant regardless of the history of phagocytosis numbers and attachment timing and positions, and (2) IgG-BSA decoration of indigestible microparticles in blood accelerates their engulfment faster, resulting in a severe shortage of macrophages within the shortest time.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-Chip Free-Flow Measurement Revealed Possible Depletion of Macrophages by Indigestible PM2.5 within a Few Hours by the Fastest Intervals of Serial Phagocytosis

et al. 2023

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“…The primary innovation of our analysis was to test whether LTL mediated the association between air pollution exposure and incident CHD. There is considerable evidence that air pollution drives adverse cardiovascular health outcomes through inflammation [ 6 , 7 ]. To our knowledge, there has been little research on the possible role of telomere length as a biological pathway from air pollution exposure to CHD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To our knowledge, there has been little research on the possible role of telomere length as a biological pathway from air pollution exposure to CHD. This pathway is plausible since LTL has been linked to inflammation [ 38 ] and air pollution is also associated with inflammatory responses [ 6 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between Residential Exposure to Air Pollution and Incident Coronary Heart Disease Is Not Mediated by Leukocyte Telomere Length: A UK Biobank Study

Kuo

Godoy

et al. 2023

Toxics

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Higher air pollution exposure and shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL) are both associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), and share plausible mechanisms, including inflammation. LTL may serve as a biomarker of air pollution exposure and may be intervened with to reduce the risk of CHD. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to test the mediation effect of LTL in the relationship between air pollution exposure and incident CHD. Using the UK Biobank (UKB) data (n = 317,601), we conducted a prospective study linking residential air pollution exposure (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NOx) and LTL to incident CHD during a mean follow-up of 12.6 years. Cox proportional hazards models and generalized additive models with penalized spline functions were used to model the associations of pollutant concentrations and LTL with incident CHD. We found non-linear associations of air pollution exposure with LTL and CHD. Pollutant concentrations in the lower range were decreasingly associated with longer LTL and reduced risk of CHD. The associations between lower pollutant concentrations and reduced risk of CHD, however, were minimally mediated by LTL (<3%). Our findings suggest that air pollution influences CHD through pathways that do not involve LTL. Replication is needed with improved measurements of air pollution that more accurately assesses personal exposure.

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“…These minute particles can infiltrate deep into the lungs, prompting grave concerns for a spectrum of health impacts across multiple organ systems. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in PM-mediated effects, contributing to systemic vascular dysfunction, cardiovascular, and respiratory complications [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Air Pollution and Allergic Status on Health-Related Quality of Life among University Students in Northern Thailand

Pisithkul,

Lao-Araya

2024

IJERPH

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Background: Global awareness of ambient air pollution has heightened due to its detrimental impact on health, particularly in regions with elevated PM2.5 levels. Chiang Mai has emerged as an area experiencing the highest PM2.5 levels in Thailand. Objectives: to examine the prevalence of respiratory allergies and assess the impact of air pollution on the health-related quality of life (QoL) among university students in Chiang Mai. Methods: Chiang Mai University (CMU) and Maejo University (MJU) students were recruited. The Global Asthma Network (GAN) questionnaire screened for respiratory allergies (RAs). The disease-specific QoL questionnaire (Rcq-36) was administered twice during low-PM2.5 and high-PM2.5 seasons to evaluate air pollution’s impact on health-related QoL. Those showing potential RAs underwent a skin prick test (SPT) to investigate allergic sensitization. Results: Out of 406 participants, 131 (32%) reported respiratory allergies. Among those undergoing SPT, a high rate (82.54%) had positive results. Across both universities, students reported significantly lower QoL in multiple domains, particularly respiratory, eye, sleep, and emotional well-being, during the high-PM2.5 season. This aligned with their poorer self-reported health on a visual analog scale (VAS; p-value < 0.01). PM2.5 levels significantly impacted social functioning for CMU students (p-value = 0.001) and role limitations for MJU students (p-value < 0.001). Notably, participants without respiratory allergies (non-RAs) were more significantly affected by PM2.5 than RA participants in almost all parameters, despite experiencing fewer baseline symptoms. Conclusions: Respiratory allergies, particularly allergic rhinitis, are prevalent among university students in Chiang Mai. This study underscores the substantial negative impact of ambient air pollution on QoL for both allergic and non-allergic students.

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The pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of atmospheric PM2.5 affecting cardiovascular health: A review

Cited by 13 publications

References 287 publications

On-Chip Free-Flow Measurement Revealed Possible Depletion of Macrophages by Indigestible PM2.5 within a Few Hours by the Fastest Intervals of Serial Phagocytosis

On-Chip Free-Flow Measurement Revealed Possible Depletion of Macrophages by Indigestible PM2.5 within a Few Hours by the Fastest Intervals of Serial Phagocytosis

Association between Residential Exposure to Air Pollution and Incident Coronary Heart Disease Is Not Mediated by Leukocyte Telomere Length: A UK Biobank Study

Impact of Air Pollution and Allergic Status on Health-Related Quality of Life among University Students in Northern Thailand

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