The Pathogenicity of Soil Amebas

Culbertson, C. G.

doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.25.100171.001311

Cited by 145 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Organisms of this genus are commonly found inhabiting soil (8) and aquatic environments (9,23), but they have also been isolated from swimming pools (32), tap water (44,46), bottled mineral water (37), atmospheric samples (22), and even contact lens care solutions (47). The organisms' life cycle is composed of two distinct stages: a motile, metabolically active trophozoite stage in which the organism is capable of multiplication and is sensitive to noxious stimuli, and a dormant cyst stage, in which the organism is resistant to desiccation, disinfection, and extremes of temperature.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Amoebicidal Activities of Multipurpose Contact Lens Solutions by Using a Most Probable Number Enumeration Technique

Beattie¹,

Seal

Tomlinson³

et al. 2003

J Clin Microbiol

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Six multipurpose contact lens solutions [All-in-One, All-in-One (Light), ReNu MultiPlus, Optifree Express, Complete, and Solo-care soft] were tested for their efficacies against Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites and cysts by using a most probable number (MPN) technique for amoebic enumeration. Against trophozoites, All-in-One, ReNu Multiplus, and Optifree Express achieved total kill (log reduction of >3) after the manufacturer's minimum recommended disinfection time (MMRDT), with the remaining solutions failing to reach a log reduction of 1. After 24 h of exposure, all solutions proved trophozoiticidal, achieving, with the exception of Complete (log reduction of 3.13), total kill. Against cysts, All-in-One gave a log reduction of >3 within the MMRDT, with all other solutions failing to achieve a log reduction of 1. After 24 h of exposure, All-in-One achieved total kill of cysts (log reduction of 3.74), ReNu MultiPlus gave a log reduction of 3.15, and the remaining solutions reached log reductions of between 1.09 and 2.27. The MPN technique provides a simple, reliable, and reproducible method of amoebic enumeration that depends on simply establishing the presence or absence of growth on culture plates inoculated with a series of dilutions and determining the MPN of amoebae present from statistical tables. By use of this technique, two of the multipurpose solutions tested, ReNu MultiPlus and Optifree Express, demonstrated effective trophozoiticidal activities within the recommended disinfection times; however, only All-in-One proved effective against both trophozoites and cysts over the same time period. This MPN technique, which uses axenically produced trophozoites and mature, doublewalled cysts, has the potential to form the basis of a national standard for amoebicidal efficacy testing of multipurpose contact lens disinfecting solutions.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Amoebicidal Activities of Multipurpose Contact Lens Solutions by Using a Most Probable Number Enumeration Technique

Beattie¹,

Seal

Tomlinson³

et al. 2003

J Clin Microbiol

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“…Many authors (Carter 1970;Culbertson 1971;Chang 1974;Cursons & Brown 1976;Cerva 1978) have reported that N. fowleri is extremely sensitive to 0.5-1.0% NaCl. Besides the chemical composition of the waters, both temperature and pH also affect the distribution of these amoebae; Stevens et al (1977) recorded a temperature range of 35-38°C, for the isolation of N. fowleri from thermally polluted lakes, and Wellings et al (1977) recorded a range of 16-34.5°C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lack of isolation of N. fowleri in the Gisborne pools is possibly a consequence of their very high halide ion content (Table 3) which has been shown to be inhibitory to N. fowleri (Culbertson 1971;Cursons & Brown 1976. Conversely, the isolation of a pathogenic Acanthamoeba sp.…”

Section: Gisborne Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The occurrence and distribution of pathogenic free‐living amoebae in thermal areas of the North Island of New Zealand

Brown

Cursons

Keys

et al. 1983

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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A sample survey of 9 thermal pools or streams in 3 Health Districts of the North Island of New Zealand was made over a 15-month period to determine the presence or absence of pathogenic free-living amoeba (PFLA) of the genera Naegleria and Acanthamoeba. Concurrent chemical, physical, and bacteriological analyses of the pools were made. Naegleria and Acanthamoeba were isolated in the Rotorua and Hamilton Health Districts but not in the Gisborne Health District. Most PFLA were isolated from water with a high coliform content or soil contamination.

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“…Cursons et al (1980) speculated that when only bactericidal doses of chlorine were used, the amoebae were still affected indirectly through the consequent removal of the food source. This study has shown that while this may be true (the effect probably being to cause the production of a cyst stage, which is non-infective) (Culbertson 1971), the presence of bacteria creates a need for an increased disinfectant concentration to rapidly reduce the number of amoebae in such water.…”

Section: 6mentioning

confidence: 97%

The effect of chlorine and chlorine dioxide on pathogenic free‐living amoebae (PFLA) in simulated natural conditions: The presence of bacteria and organic matter

Dawson

Brown

1987

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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Bacteria and bovine faecal matter were introduced into cultures of pathogenic free-living amoebae, with chlorine or chlorine dioxide. The bacteria and faeces were to simulate natural conditions for a more exacting test of disinfectant demand when compared to axenic conditions. Both chlorine and chlorine dioxide were effective disinfectants under all conditions tested. Axenically and monoxenically cultured amoebae were used, the latter exerted a greater disinfectant demand.

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The Pathogenicity of Soil Amebas

Cited by 145 publications

References 2 publications

Determination of Amoebicidal Activities of Multipurpose Contact Lens Solutions by Using a Most Probable Number Enumeration Technique

Determination of Amoebicidal Activities of Multipurpose Contact Lens Solutions by Using a Most Probable Number Enumeration Technique

The occurrence and distribution of pathogenic free‐living amoebae in thermal areas of the North Island of New Zealand

The effect of chlorine and chlorine dioxide on pathogenic free‐living amoebae (PFLA) in simulated natural conditions: The presence of bacteria and organic matter

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