The pathogenicity of Mycobacterium avium and related mycobacteria for experimental animals

Collins, P.; Matthews, P. R. J.; McDiarmid, A.; Brown, Anne

doi:10.1099/00222615-16-1-27

Cited by 44 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Granulomatous enteritis caused by infection with M. avium has been reported to occur naturally in cattle 11 and has been induced experimentally in goats. 5 However, M. avium was not isolated from any of the samples in this study. Therefore, on a herd basis, the problem of in situ cross-reactivity to M. avium is not considered to represent any practical problem for diagnosis of M. paratuberculosis infections in goats.…”

Section: Discussion Resultsmentioning

confidence: 61%

Comparison of Immunohistochemistry, Acid-Fast Staining, and Cultivation for Detection ofMycobacterium Paratuberculosisin Goats

Thoresen¹,

Falk²,

Evensen³

1994

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. Forty-seven paired specimens of ileum and mesenterial lymph nodes from goats originating from 2 herds with paratuberculosis were investigated. Culture of the specimens for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was compared with Ziehl-Neelsen staining and with immunohistochemical tests on paraffin-embedded tissue sections, using a M. paratuberculosis immune serum and an avidin-biotin-alkaline phosphatase method. Immunohistochemical techniques detected most positive samples and produced more clearly visible reactions than did acid-fast staining. Eighteen of 47 samples were positive by immunohistochemical methods, whereas 15 and 10 were positive for acid-fast staining and culture, respectively. Immunohistochemical techniques may represent a valuable adjunct to standard techniques for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in goats.Paratuberculosis is a chronic, granulomatous enteritis in domestic and wild ruminants caused by infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. In goats, the disease is characterized by wasting, decreased milk production, and occasionally gastrointestinal symptoms. The bacterium is a slow-growing mycobactin-dependent mycobacterial species, and conventional procedures for detection and identification include acid-fast staining of smears from intestinal material, acid-fast staining of tissue sections, and cultivation of the organism.3 Acid-fast staining has limited sensitivity, and as many as 10 6 bacterial/g of tissue may be necessary for detection of acid-fast rods in sections by light microscopy.2 Cultivation of M. paratuberculosis is a tedious procedure that requires 9-12 weeks for identification. Nevertheless, it represents the final and definitive diagnosis of the disease. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been widely used as a research tool for studying important microbial diseases but has only been applied to a limited extent for routine diagnosis. 4 The main advantage of IHC over other techniques is the simultaneous visualization of antigen and pathologic changes. The technique is also appropriate for identification of microbes that are difficult to grow or microbes that need a long incubation time for identification. IHC has been described for in situ identification of M. paratuberculosis in paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from goats 15 and cattle. 13The purpose of the present study was to develop an immunohistochemical test for the identification of M.From the Central Veterinary Laboratory, PO Box 8156 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.Received for publication May 17, 1993. paratuberculosis in paraffin-embedded tissues from goats and to compare the results obtained using this method with those of conventional diagnostic methods, i.e., Ziehl-Neelsen staining and culture. Materials and methodsSamples and conventional procedures. Forty-seven paired tissue specimens from ileum and mesenterial lymph nodes were obtained from 2 herds with suspected paratuberculosis. Specimens were submitted to the laboratory either at necropsy of suspected cases or at slaughter. Organ specimens were frozen at -20 C...

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Section: Discussion Resultsmentioning

confidence: 61%

Comparison of Immunohistochemistry, Acid-Fast Staining, and Cultivation for Detection ofMycobacterium Paratuberculosisin Goats

Thoresen¹,

Falk²,

Evensen³

1994

J VET Diagn Invest

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“…paratuberculosis and the wood pigeon strain M. avium subsp. silvaticum are very closely related organisms (Collins et al, 1983;Saxegaard & Baess, 1988;Hurley et al, 1989;Thorel et al, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A low G+C content genetic island in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. avium subsp. silvaticum with homologous genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tizard¹,

Bull²,

Millar³

et al. 1998

Microbiology

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A low G+C content genetic island inThe technique of representation difference analysis PCR has been applied to find genes specific to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. This generated a 671 bp fragment which was used to isolate a larger genetic element found in the enteric pathogens M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. avium subsp. silvaticum but which was absent from the very closely related and relatively benign M. avium subsp. avium. This element, designated GS, is greater than 6 5 kbp in length and has a G+C content 9 mol% lower than other genes from this species. There is a previously uncharacterized insertion sequence associated with one end. The GS element encodes five ORFs in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Ad. awium subsp. silvaticum, all of which have counterparts encoded in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Database searches revealed homologues for these ORFs in a number of bacterial species, predominantly Gram-negative organisms, including a number of enteric pathogens. These homologous genes encode functions related to LPS or extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis. This element has a number of features in common with pathogenicity islands such as its low G+C content, an association with a putative insertion sequence and a grouping of genes of related function with a possible link to virulence. No direct link to pathogenicity has been shown but GS may belong to a group of related 'genetic islands' and represents the first such element to be identified in mycobacteria.

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“…One of the oldest and most frequently used methods for virulence assessment of MAC strains in birds is the challenge assay with poultry; nevertheless, mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits also have been used (2,8,10,31,42,43,51,52). Serotyping has partly replaced time-consuming experimentation on laboratory animals.…”

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confidence: 99%

Relationship between IS901in theMycobacterium aviumComplex Strains Isolated from Birds, Animals, Humans, and the Environment and Virulence for Poultry

Pavlík

Svastova

Bartl

et al. 2000

Clin Diagn Lab Immunol

123

111

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A total of 738 strains of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) were examined in biological experiments on poultry by use of PCR methods with primers for detection of the insertion sequence IS901. Serotype strains of MAC from all known 28 serotypes were examined. Further strains were isolated from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative and HIV-positive patients, 6 animal species, 17 bird species, and the environment. Of 165 strains virulent for poultry, characterized by generalized tuberculosis, 164 strains contained IS901, a result which is statistically highly significant (P, 0.01). The remaining 573 strains were nonvirulent; however, IS901 was present in 24 strains. From among 20 strains of serotypes 1, 2, and 3, IS901 was found in 15 strains, only 5 of which were virulent for poultry. The remaining 111 strains, of serotypes 4 to 28, were nonvirulent and did not incorporate IS901. None of the 152 strains isolated from humans was virulent for poultry, including 12 strains which were IS901 positive.The importance of mycobacterial infections caused by strains of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in animals and humans is continuously increasing (11,18). In the human population, the condition is aggravated by the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In AIDS patients, the incidence of disseminated mycobacterial infection caused by MAC strains can reach up to 55% (34, 47). In poultry, swine, and cattle farms and in farmed red deer, avian tuberculosis imposes the highest financial losses (5,9,30,39,40).In veterinary epidemiology, virulent strains inducing avian generalized tuberculosis are the most important. One of the oldest and most frequently used methods for virulence assessment of MAC strains in birds is the challenge assay with poultry; nevertheless, mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits also have been used (2,8,10,31,42,43,51,52). Serotyping has partly replaced time-consuming experimentation on laboratory animals. Originally, serotypes 1 and 2, virulent for birds, were classified as M. avium, and 13 nonvirulent serotypes were classified as M. intracellulare (39,41). Later, a third virulent serotype of M. avium, serotype 3, was described (21). Piening et al. denominated those three MAC serotypes as the M. avium group, in accordance with previous studies. Strains of serotypes 12 to 20 were absolutely nonvirulent for poultry and were denominated as the M. intracellulare group. Strains of serotypes 4 to 6 and 8 to 11, causing changes only at the site of inoculation after intramuscular injection, were denominated as an intermediate MAC group (33).As further serotypes were continuously investigated, in 1979 the number of serotypes belonging to M. intracellulare increased to 25 (serotypes 4 to 28) (49, 50). However, research results obtained in the early 1980s led to a new approach to the taxonomic classification of each MAC serotype. DNA-DNA hybridization was used to show the relationship of strains of serotypes 1 to 6 and 8 to 11 (3). These and other results led in 1990 to the suggestion for...

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The pathogenicity of Mycobacterium avium and related mycobacteria for experimental animals

Cited by 44 publications

References 9 publications

Comparison of Immunohistochemistry, Acid-Fast Staining, and Cultivation for Detection ofMycobacterium Paratuberculosisin Goats

Comparison of Immunohistochemistry, Acid-Fast Staining, and Cultivation for Detection ofMycobacterium Paratuberculosisin Goats

A low G+C content genetic island in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. avium subsp. silvaticum with homologous genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Relationship between IS901in theMycobacterium aviumComplex Strains Isolated from Birds, Animals, Humans, and the Environment and Virulence for Poultry

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