The pathogenesis of post-stroke osteoporosis and the role oxidative stress plays in its development

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease and osteoporotic fractures (OF) are the main diseases affecting the health of middle-aged and elderly people. With the gradual increase of population aging in China and even the world, the incidence of the two and the prevalence of high-risk groups are also showing a continuous upward trend. The relationship between the two, especially the impact of cardiovascular disease on the risk and prognosis of OF, has attracted more and more attention. Therefore, it is of great significance to fully understand the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and the resulting osteoporosis and to provide targeted interventions to prevent the occurrence of diseases and fractures. This article reviews the relationship between one of the Cardiovascular disease—stroke and related therapeutic drugs and the risk of OF, and the role of oxidative stress in its pathophysiological mechanism by reviewing relevant domestic and foreign literature in recent years, in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the association between stroke and OF, and then provide a basis and reference for screening high-risk groups of fractures and reducing the burden on the health system caused by the disease.

Osteoporosis and coronary heart disease: a bi-directional Mendelian randomization study

“…Firstly, common risk factors such as age, vitamin D deficiency, inactivity, smoking, and diabetes are shared between osteoporosis and CVD (44). Early investigations highlighted a potential "bone-vascular axis," and subsequent research recognized shared pathogenic processes involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid metabolism, mediated by common regulatory factors like bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), osteopontin (OPN), matrix GLA protein (MGP), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFa)), sclerostin, gamma-carboxy glutamic acid-rich matrix (GLA) protein (MGP), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 (45)(46)(47)(48)(49). Additionally, pathways such as the RANKL/RANK/OPG (osteoprotegerin) and Wnt signaling are implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification and cardiovascular disease (50).…”