“…Most studies on this topic emphasize a single country such as the United States ( Szilagyi et al, 2021 ), the United Kingdom ( Becchetti et al, 2021 ), Germany ( Seddig et al, 2022 ), Italy ( Capasso et al, 2021 ), Netherlands ( Mouter et al, 2022 ), Sweden ( Campos-Mercade et al, 2021 ), Turkey ( Dal and Tokdemir, 2022 ), Japan ( Sasaki et al, 2022 ), and Singapore ( Tan et al, 2022 ). However, few studies analyze data across countries ( Barceló et al, 2022 ; Breslin et al, 2021 ; Hess et al, 2022 ; Lazarus et al, 2021 ; Murphy et al, 2021 ; Neumann-Böhme et al, 2020 ). More importantly, these cross-national studies typically use surveys before the vaccine is available and thus focus on people's willingness to take the vaccine, not gauging whether people had taken the vaccine.…”