The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis. XXI. The Cyclic Regenerationof Carbon Dioxide Acceptor

Bassham, James A.; Benson, A. A.; Kay, Lorel D.; Harris, Anne Z.; Wilson, A. T.; Calvin, Melvin

doi:10.2172/915417

Cited by 100 publications

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“…The process of carbon assimilation via the Calvin -Benson -Bassham cycle [1] requires initial fixation of CO 2 by the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) to form the three-carbon molecule 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). RuBisCO is thought to have evolved in bacteria under anoxic conditions approximately 3.5 billion years ago [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recruitment of pre-existing networks during the evolution of C ₄ photosynthesis

Reyna-Llorens¹,

Hibberd²

2017

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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During C 4 photosynthesis, CO 2 is concentrated around the enzyme RuBisCO. The net effect is to reduce photorespiration while increasing water and nitrogen use efficiencies. Species that use C 4 photosynthesis have evolved independently from their C 3 ancestors on more than 60 occasions. Along with mimicry and the camera-like eye, the C 4 pathway therefore represents a remarkable example of the repeated evolution of a highly complex trait. In this review, we provide evidence that the polyphyletic evolution of C 4 photosynthesis is built upon pre-existing metabolic and genetic networks. For example, cells around veins of C 3 species show similarities to those of the C 4 bundle sheath in terms of C 4 acid decarboxylase activity and also the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Enzymes of C 4 photosynthesis function together in gluconeogenesis during early seedling growth of C 3 Arabidopsis thaliana. Furthermore, multiple C 4 genes appear to be under control of both light and chloroplast signals in the ancestral C 3 state. We, therefore, hypothesize that relatively minor rewiring of pre-existing genetic and metabolic networks has facilitated the recurrent evolution of this trait. Understanding how these changes are likely to have occurred could inform attempts to install C 4 traits into C 3 crops.This article is part of the themed issue 'Enhancing photosynthesis in crop plants: targets for improvement'.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recruitment of pre-existing networks during the evolution of C ₄ photosynthesis

Reyna-Llorens¹,

Hibberd²

2017

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…This reaction has been found to occur in intact algae (2) and in cell-free preparations of several organisms (11,12,16). The reaction occurs with a large loss in free energy (2,16), and in this aspect differs from most biological carboxylations. Under certain conditions, this property would have a selective advantage as a reaction to be retained where any type of C02 fixation were occurring.…”

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confidence: 97%

“…In addition to working Manuscript received February 9, 1959. 2 Research carried out at Brookhaveni National Laboratory under the auspices of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and in part supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to one of us (M.G.). ' Abbreviations used in this paper: PGA for 3-phosphoglyceric acid; TPN for triphosphopyridine nucleotide; DPN for diphosphopyridine nucleotide; G-3-P for Dglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; RuDP for ribulose 1,5-diphosphate.…”

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confidence: 99%

Intracellular and Phylogenetic Distribution of Ribulose 1,5-Diphosphate Carboxylase and D-Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases.

Fuller

Gibbs²

1959

Plant Physiol.

133

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The main reaction through which C02 enters into photosynthesis has been established to be the carboxylation of RuDP' to form 2 molecules of PGA. This reaction has been found to occur in intact algae (2) and in cell-free preparations of several organisms (11,12,16). The reaction occurs with a large loss in free energy (2,16), and in this aspect differs from most biological carboxylations. Under certain conditions, this property would have a selective advantage as a reaction to be retained where any type of C02 fixation were occurring.Speculation has been raise-d that a TPN requiring G-3-P dehydrogenase is also closely connected with photosynthesis. Gibbs (7) reported that whereas pea root extracts contained a DPN-linked dehydrogenase similar to that found in heterotrophic tissues, extracts of pea leaves possessed not only the DPN enzyme but also a TPN requiring enzyme. This observation was confirmed by Rosenberg and Arnmn (13) (M.G.). ' Abbreviations used in this paper: PGA for 3-phosphoglyceric acid; TPN for triphosphopyridine nucleotide; DPN for diphosphopyridine nucleotide; G-3-P for Dglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; RuDP for ribulose 1,5-diphosphate.with isolated fragments of the cell which are always of questionable purity it was felt that perhaps a less direct but more realistic physiological approach would be to investigate actively metabolizing cells in which the chloroplast had been altered or removed by external variables. Two preliminary reports of this investigation have been published (4, 5). MATERIALS AND METHODSAll the algae used in this work were grown on a continuous culture, constant temperature, illuminated shaker with approximately 2,000 ft-c illumination during the growth cycle. Cells were harvested every 24 hours and the amount of cellular material determined by both dry weight and amount of chlorophyll per ml of culture. When bleached cells and Astasia were grown, 0.5 % sodium acetate was added to the medium as the sole source of carbon. The Chromatium, strain D, was grown as an autotroph according to the method of Hendley (9). Heterotrophic Chromatiuim, strain D, was grown by adding 0.5 % sodium acetate to the medium. The medium for the glucose grown Escherichia coli strain Crookes, is that of Gest and Gibbs (6). The D-xylose adapted E. coli cells were grown on a mineral medium containing 0.5 % D-xylose with a 5 % C02 -95 % air mixture being bubbled at a rapid rate through the medium. All higher plants were from stock greenhouse material.The cellular material to be assayed for enzyme activity was prepared in 2 ways. The algae and bacteria were harvested and made into a 20 % wvet weight suspension in 0.01 M K-phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 and then treated in a 10 Kc Raytheon oscillator for 15 minutes. The residual fragmented mlaterial was centrifuged at 1,000 X G for 15 minutes and the supernatant liquid was tested immediately for enzyme activity. Equal amounts of green and albino barley were ground with sand and 0.3 % ethylenediamine tetraacetate at pH 8.0 in 0.5 M KHCO3. The soluble material wa...

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“…In addition, it has been reported that the interconversion of glycine and serine does not occur in plant extracts without the addition of tetrahvdrofolic acid (21). The most likely precursor for the uniformly labeled glycine is glycolate, whichl is uniformiily labeled during photosynthesis (2). The tiniformly labeled glycine may be produced by residual cytoplasmic enzymes absorbed to the unwashed chloroplasts.…”

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Distribution of C¹⁴ in Serine and Glycine after C¹⁴O₂ Photosynthesis by Isolated Chloroplasts. Modification of Serine-C¹⁴ Degradation

Chang

Tolbert

1965

Plant Physiol.

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The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis. XXI. The Cyclic Regenerationof Carbon Dioxide Acceptor

Abstract: Photosynthesizing plants have been exposed t o C O2 f o r short periods of the(0.4 t o 15 sec,) and the products of carbon dioxide reduction analyzed by paper chramatography and radioaut ography .

Cited by 100 publications

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Recruitment of pre-existing networks during the evolution of C ₄ photosynthesis

Recruitment of pre-existing networks during the evolution of C ₄ photosynthesis

Intracellular and Phylogenetic Distribution of Ribulose 1,5-Diphosphate Carboxylase and D-Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases.

Distribution of C¹⁴ in Serine and Glycine after C¹⁴O₂ Photosynthesis by Isolated Chloroplasts. Modification of Serine-C¹⁴ Degradation

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The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis. XXI. The Cyclic Regenerationof Carbon Dioxide Acceptor

Abstract: Photosynthesizing plants have been exposed t o C O2 f o r short periods of the(0.4 t o 15 sec,) and the products of carbon dioxide reduction analyzed by paper chramatography and radioaut ography .

Cited by 100 publications

References 0 publications

Recruitment of pre-existing networks during the evolution of C 4 photosynthesis

Recruitment of pre-existing networks during the evolution of C 4 photosynthesis

Intracellular and Phylogenetic Distribution of Ribulose 1,5-Diphosphate Carboxylase and D-Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases.

Distribution of C14 in Serine and Glycine after C14O2 Photosynthesis by Isolated Chloroplasts. Modification of Serine-C14 Degradation

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Recruitment of pre-existing networks during the evolution of C ₄ photosynthesis

Recruitment of pre-existing networks during the evolution of C ₄ photosynthesis

Distribution of C¹⁴ in Serine and Glycine after C¹⁴O₂ Photosynthesis by Isolated Chloroplasts. Modification of Serine-C¹⁴ Degradation