The Past Informs the Future

Boice, John D.; Ellis, Elizabeth D.; Golden, Ashley P.; Girardi, David J.; Cohen, Sarah S.; Chen, Heidi; Mumma, Michael T.; Shore, Roy E.; Leggett, Richard W.

doi:10.1097/hp.0000000000000825

Cited by 39 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In addition, a younger cohort is assumed to be healthy; this is more appropriate for study subjects using a prospective cohort design. Third, the size of our cohort was smaller than cohorts from other countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and France [43][44][45][46]. In order to increase the cohort size, enrollment will be continued at five-year intervals, and the development of a strategy to enroll retired workers is now in progress [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cohort Study of Korean Radiation Workers: Baseline Characteristics of Participants

Park

Seo

Lee

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The Korean Radiation Worker Study investigated the health effects of protracted low-dose radiation among nuclear-related occupations in the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission in Korea. From 2016–2017, 20,608 workers were enrolled (86.5% men and 30.7% nuclear power plant workers). The mean cumulative dose ± standard deviation between 1984 and 2017 (1st quarter) was 11.8 ± 28.8 (range 0–417) mSv. Doses below recording level (≤0.1 mSv) were reported in 7901 (38.3%) cases; 431 (2%) had cumulative doses ≥100 mSv. From 1999–2016, 212 cancers (189 men, 23 women) occurred; thyroid cancer predominated (39.2%, 72 men, 11 women). In men, the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for all cancers was significantly decreased (SIR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.66–0.88); however, that for thyroid cancer was significantly increased (SIR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.54–2.44). Compared to the non-exposed group (≤0.1 mSv), the relative risk (RR) in the exposed group (>0.1 mSv) after adjusting for sex, attained age, smoking status, and duration of employment was 0.82 (95% CI 0.60–1.12) for all cancers and 0.83 (95% CI 0.49–1.83) for thyroid cancer. The preliminary findings from this baseline study with a shorter follow-up than the latency period for solid cancer cannot exclude possible associations between radiation doses and cancer risk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cohort Study of Korean Radiation Workers: Baseline Characteristics of Participants

Park

Seo

Lee

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…Radiation exposure in space is a drastically different scenario, and extrapolation of bomb survivor data to the astronaut cohort is highly problematic. The US National Council on Radiation Protection is currently engaged in the ''Million Worker Study'' (Boice Jr et al 2018) which is focused on occupational exposures and which may ultimately prove more relevant to the study of chronic radiation exposures in healthy populations.…”

Section: A Comment On Further Interpretation Of the Health Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation environment for future human exploration on the surface of Mars: the current understanding based on MSL/RAD dose measurements

Guo

Zeitlin

Wimmer‐Schweingruber

et al. 2021

Astron Astrophys Rev

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Potential deleterious health effects to astronauts induced by space radiation is one of the most important long-term risks for human space missions, especially future planetary missions to Mars which require a return-trip duration of about 3 years with current propulsion technology. In preparation for future human exploration, the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) was designed to detect and analyze the most biologically hazardous energetic particle radiation on the Martian surface as part of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission. RAD has measured the deep space radiation field within the spacecraft during the cruise to Mars and the cosmic ray induced energetic particle radiation on Mars since Curiosity’s landing in August 2012. These first-ever surface radiation data have been continuously providing a unique and direct assessment of the radiation environment on Mars. We analyze the temporal variation of the Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) radiation and the observed Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events measured by RAD from the launch of MSL until December 2020, i.e., from the pre-maximum of solar cycle 24 throughout its solar minimum until the initial year of Cycle 25. Over the long term, the Mars’s surface GCR radiation increased by about 50% due to the declining solar activity and the weakening heliospheric magnetic field. At different time scales in a shorter term, RAD also detected dynamic variations in the radiation field on Mars. We present and quantify the temporal changes of the radiation field which are mainly caused by: (a) heliospheric influences which include both temporary impacts by solar transients and the long-term solar cycle evolution, (b) atmospheric changes which include the Martian daily thermal tide and seasonal CO$$_2$$ 2 cycle as well as the altitude change of the rover, (c) topographical changes along the rover path-way causing addition structural shielding and finally (d) solar particle events which occur sporadically and may significantly enhance the radiation within a short time period. Quantification of the variation allows the estimation of the accumulated radiation for a return trip to the surface of Mars under various conditions. The accumulated GCR dose equivalent, via a Hohmann transfer, is about $$0.65 \pm 0.24$$ 0.65 ± 0.24 sievert and $$1.59 \pm 0.12$$ 1.59 ± 0.12 sievert during solar maximum and minimum periods, respectively. The shielding of the GCR radiation by heliospheric magnetic fields during solar maximum periods is rather efficient in reducing the total GCR-induced radiation for a Mars mission, by more than 50%. However, further contributions by SEPs must also be taken into account. In the future, with advanced nuclear thrusters via a fast transfer, we estimate that the total GCR dose equivalent can be reduced to about 0.2 sievert and 0.5 sievert during solar maximum and minimum periods respectively. In addition, we also examined factors which may further reduce the radiation dose in space and on Mars and discuss the many uncertainties in the interpreting the biological effect based on the current measurement.

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“…(A DREF>1 means the dose-response slope of the effect for low dose-rate exposures is smaller, by a factor of 1/ DREF, than the slope of a study with higher acute doses, typically the LSS.) Further followup of these cohorts, along with additional cohorts within the Million Person Study, currently underway in the United States [37,38], should, in the next few years, appreciably augment the information available on radiation-related cancer risks in groups of workers and consequently reduce the uncertainties in risk estimation after exposures at low dose rates [39,40].…”

Section: Inwork Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of recent epidemiologic studies for the linear nonthreshold model and radiation protection

et al. 2018

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The recently published NCRP Commentary No. 27 evaluated the new information from epidemiologic studies as to their degree of support for applying the linear nonthreshold (LNT) model of carcinogenic effects for radiation protection purposes (NCRP 2018 Implications of Recent Epidemiologic Studies for the Linear Nonthreshold Model and Radiation Protection, Commentary No. 27 (Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements)). The aim was to determine whether recent epidemiologic studies of low-LET radiation, particularly those at low doses and/or low dose rates (LD/LDR), broadly support the LNT model of carcinogenic risk or, on the contrary, demonstrate sufficient evidence that the LNT model is inappropriate for the purposes of radiation protection. An updated review was needed because a considerable number of reports of radiation epidemiologic studies based on new or updated data have been published since other major reviews were conducted by national and international scientific committees. The Commentary provides a critical review of the LD/LDR studies that are most directly applicable to current occupational, environmental and medical radiation exposure circumstances. This Memorandum summarises several of the more important LD/LDR studies that incorporate radiation dose responses for solid cancer and leukemia that were reviewed in Commentary No. 27. In addition, an overview is provided of radiation studies of breast and thyroid cancers, and cancer after childhood exposures. Non-cancers are briefly touched upon such as ischemic heart disease, cataracts, and heritable genetic effects. To assess the applicability and utility of the LNT model for radiation protection, the Commentary evaluated 29 epidemiologic studies or groups of studies, primarily of total solid cancer, in terms of strengths and weaknesses in their epidemiologic methods, dosimetry approaches, and statistical modelling, and the degree to which they supported a LNT model for continued use in radiation protection. Recommendations for how to make epidemiologic radiation studies more informative are outlined. The NCRP Committee recognises that the risks from LD/LDR exposures are small and uncertain. The Committee judged that the available epidemiologic data were broadly supportive of the LNT model and that at this time no alternative dose-response relationship appears more pragmatic or prudent for radiation protection purposes.

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The Past Informs the Future

Cited by 39 publications

References 29 publications

A Cohort Study of Korean Radiation Workers: Baseline Characteristics of Participants

A Cohort Study of Korean Radiation Workers: Baseline Characteristics of Participants

Radiation environment for future human exploration on the surface of Mars: the current understanding based on MSL/RAD dose measurements

Implications of recent epidemiologic studies for the linear nonthreshold model and radiation protection

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