The Passive Eavesdropper Affects My Channel: Secret-Key Rates under Real-World Conditions

Zenger, Christian; Vogt, Hendrik; Zimmer, Jan; Sezgin, Aydin; Paar, Christof

doi:10.1109/glocomw.2016.7849064

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Key generation is subject to passive eavesdropping [6], [8], where the eavesdroppers record all the transmissions and try to crack the system. According to communication theory, when the eavesdropper is located sufficiently far from the legitimate users, the eavesdropping channel is uncorrelated with the legitimate channel.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When C sk > 0, key generation can be carried out securely. Key generation security under passive eavesdropping has been validated in [8] through extensive ZigBee-based experiments. In particular, the work in [10] demonstrates that legitimate users can still generate keys securely by using LoRa, when the eavesdropper is located only 0.15 m or 2 m away.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) has been the most popular parameter because of its wide availability in the transceivers and network interface cards. This has been evidenced by its wide applications in Wi-Fi [3]- [6], ZigBee [7], [8] and Bluetooth [9], etc. However, all these wireless techniques only support operations in short-range environments, typically within 100 meters.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Channel-Envelope Differencing Eliminates Secret Key Correlation: LoRa-Based Key Generation in Low Power Wide Area Networks

Zhang

Marshall

Hanzo

2018

IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

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This paper presents automatic key generation for long-range wireless communications in low power wide area networks (LPWANs), employing LoRa as a case study. Differential quantization is adopted to extract a high level of randomness. Experiments conducted both in an outdoor urban environment and in an indoor environment demonstrate that this key generation technique is applicable for LPWANs, and shows that it is able to reliably generate secure keys.Index Terms-Internet of Things, low power wide area networks, physical layer security, key generation, LoRa/LoRaWAN I. INTRODUCTIONThe Internet of Things (IoT) is capable of connecting people, things, and the environment. This revolution heavily relies on secure data communications, which are currently maintained by classic cryptographic algorithms and protocols. In particular, public key cryptography (PKC) has been the de facto scheme for distributing keys to the users in modern communication and computer networks. However, its application in the IoT remains a challenge owing to the limited computational and battery capacity, as well as the requirement of a public key infrastructure for distributing the public keys.Key generation from the wireless channel between any pair of users has become a promising design alternative to complement PKC. The keys generated can be used for the symmetric encryption schemes in different layers of the protocol stack, e.g., the Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) for the Wi-Fi MAC layer encryption or for Transport Layer Security (TLS) in the transport layer. It is particularly for protecting IoT systems that contain large numbers of resource-limited devices [1]. A comparison of resource and energy consumption between the key generation and elliptic curve-based Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) procedure, which is a popular PKC scheme, has been carried out in [2]. Key generation has been demonstrated to be more cost-efficient. Explicitly, ECDH consumes 98 times more energy and imposes 1289 times higher complexity than key generation, when both are implemented by an 8-bit Intel MCS-51 micro-controller [2]. In addition, key generation does not require any assistance from a third party, which is suitable for many decentralized or device-to-device IoT applications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Channel-Envelope Differencing Eliminates Secret Key Correlation: LoRa-Based Key Generation in Low Power Wide Area Networks

Zhang

Marshall

Hanzo

2018

IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

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“…As one of the few implementable physical layer security techniques, key generation can be constructed in current wireless devices. Many prototypes have been reported involving physical layer secret-key generation [122,[128][129][130]. However, thorough study examining the effects of environment conditions and channel parameters on the physical layer secret-key generation is still missing.…”

Section: G Physical Layer Security For Other 5g Scenarios and Beyondmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Physical Layer Security Techniques for 5G Wireless Networks and Challenges Ahead

Khisti

Xiao

et al. 2018

IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun.

649

341

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Physical layer security which safeguards data confidentiality based on the information-theoretic approaches has received significant research interest recently. The key idea behind physical layer security is to utilize the intrinsic randomness of the transmission channel to guarantee the security in physical layer. The evolution towards 5G wireless communications poses new challenges for physical layer security research. This paper provides a latest survey of the physical layer security research on various promising 5G technologies, including physical layer security coding, massive multiple-input multiple-output, millimeter wave communications, heterogeneous networks, non-orthogonal multiple access, full duplex technology, etc. Technical challenges which remain unresolved at the time of writing are summarized and the future trends of physical layer security in 5G and beyond are discussed.

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“…Zenger et al [260] created an automated antenna positioning platform for repeatable experiments, in order to evaluate both the cross-correlation and the mutual information of the legitimate users and eavesdroppers. Testbeds of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard operating at 2.4 GHz were used and the RSS was relied upon as the keying parameter.…”

Section: ) Passive Eavesdroppingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Frontier for IoT Security Emerging From Three Decades of Key Generation Relying on Wireless Channels

et al. 2020

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology, which is revolutionizing our everyday life by connecting everyone and everything together. The massive number of devices are preferably connected wirelessly because of the easy installment and flexible deployment. However, the broadcast nature of the wireless medium makes the information accessible to everyone including malicious users, which should hence be protected by encryption. Unfortunately, the secure and efficient provision of cryptographic keys for low-cost IoT devices is challenging; weak keys have resulted in severe security breaches, as evidenced by numerous notorious cyberattacks. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of lightweight security solutions conceived for IoT, relying on key generation from wireless channels. We first introduce the key generation fundamentals and protocols. We then examine how to apply this emerging technique to secure IoT and demonstrate that key generation relying on the randomness of wireless channels is eminently suitable for IoT. This paper reviews the extensive research efforts in the areas of theoretical modelling, simulation based validation and experimental exploration. We finally discuss the hurdles and challenges that key generation is facing and suggest future work to make key generation a reliable and secure solution to safeguard the IoT.

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The Passive Eavesdropper Affects My Channel: Secret-Key Rates under Real-World Conditions

Cited by 27 publications

References 21 publications

Channel-Envelope Differencing Eliminates Secret Key Correlation: LoRa-Based Key Generation in Low Power Wide Area Networks

Channel-Envelope Differencing Eliminates Secret Key Correlation: LoRa-Based Key Generation in Low Power Wide Area Networks

A Survey of Physical Layer Security Techniques for 5G Wireless Networks and Challenges Ahead

A New Frontier for IoT Security Emerging From Three Decades of Key Generation Relying on Wireless Channels

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