The Passage of Fat Emulsion Across the Human Placenta

Elphick, Martin; Filshie, G. M.; Hull, D

doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1978.tb14930.x

Cited by 45 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Although the EPO supplementation was given subcutaneously, its beneficial effect was similar to that seen clinically with intravenous infusion of a fat emulsion (Intralipid) in pregnancy (Elphick et al 1978). They reported a possible beneficial effect of the linoleic acid (1 8 : 2 n 6)-rich Intralipid in a patient at term whose baby had foetal growth retardation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Foetal mortality in moderately zinc-deficient rats is strictly related to the process of parturition: effect of maternal essential fatty acid supplementation

Cunnane¹

1982

Br J Nutr

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1. Although disrupted parturition and high foetal losses have previously been reported in pregnant rats maintained on zinc-deficient diets this is the first report to differentiate between the effects of reduced Zn intake and the effects of reduced food intake on the outcome of pregnancy in the rat.2. Rats maintained on a 0.5 mg Zn/kg diet for the last 7 d of gestation or on a 5 mg Zn/kg diet throughout gestation did not consume significantly less food than rats given 10 or 20 mg Zn/kg diets except during the last 2 d of gestation. Pair-feeding of Zn-adequate rats (20 mg/kg) to those given low-Zn diets for the last 2 d of gestation did not affect the outcome of pregnancy in these rats.3. In the rats maintained throughout gestation on 5 mg Zn/kg or on 0.5 mg Zn/kg in the last 7 d of gestation, parturition onset and duration were not significantly altered. Foetal survival was very significantly reduced but only from day 22 onwards; before the onset of parturition, foetal survival was not significantly affected by Zn deficiency during gestation. 4. Subcutaneous injection of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil into rats throughout gestation enhanced foetal and neonatal survival in rats given 5 mg Zn/kg but reduced foetal survival in rats given 0.5 mg Zn/kg in the last 7 d of gestation.5. The results suggest three points: (I) subtotal Zn deficiency during gestation in the rat jeopardises foetal survival at parturition without affecting the onset or duration of parturition, (2) foetal death in rats maintained on Zn-deficient diets occurs only in relation to parturition itself, (3) provided that Zn intake near term is at least 5 mg/kg, supplemental essential fatty acids (evening primrose oil) will reduce foetal mortality during parturition and in the neonatal period.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Foetal mortality in moderately zinc-deficient rats is strictly related to the process of parturition: effect of maternal essential fatty acid supplementation

Cunnane¹

1982

Br J Nutr

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“…The relative contribution of NEFA and TG to total placental flux in human pregnancy is not known, although isotope studies in guinea-pigs indicate that more of the fatty acid in the fetal circulation is obtained from maternal TG than NEFA (Thomas & Lowy, 1987). In vivo studies in humans have confirmed that fatty acids derived from maternal TG are taken up by the placenta and released into the fetal circulation (Elphick et al, 1978). The fact that TG increases much more than the other esterified fractions with gestation suggests that this is the major source of esterified fatty acid for the placenta and this is consistent with the finding of Kuhn & Crawford (1986) that there was no detectable uptake from the maternal circulation of 14 C-labelled AA in the form of PL by the perfused human placenta.…”

Section: Maternalmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effect of placental function on fatty acid requirements during pregnancy

Haggarty¹

2004

Eur J Clin Nutr

187

156

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The fetus has an absolute requirement for the n-3/n-6 fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3; DHA) in particular is essential for the development of the brain and retina. Most of the fat deposition in the fetus occurs in the last 10 weeks of pregnancy. The likely rate of DHA utilisation during late pregnancy cannot be met from dietary sources alone in a significant proportion of mothers. De novo synthesis makes up some of the shortfall but the available evidence suggests that the maternal adipose tissue makes a significant contribution to placental transport to the fetus. The placenta plays a crucial role in mobilising the maternal adipose tissue and actively concentrating and channelling the important n-3/n-6 fatty acids to the fetus via multiple mechanisms including selective uptake by the syncytiotrophoblast, intracellular metabolic channelling, and selective export to the fetal circulation. These mechanisms protect the fetus against low long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) intakes in the last trimester of pregnancy and have the effect of reducing the maternal dietary requirement for preformed DHA at this time. As a result of these adaptations, small changes in the composition of the habitual maternal diet before pregnancy are likely to be more effective in improving LCPUFA delivery to the fetus than large dietary changes in late pregnancy. There is little evidence that DHA intake/status in the second half of pregnancy affects visual and cognitive function in the offspring, but more studies are needed, particularly in children born to vegetarian and vegan and mothers who may have very low intakes of DHA.

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“…It is likely that lipophilic compounds such as PBDEs move into fetal circulation along with maternal lipids. Experimental analysis of maternal and fetal blood samples and lipid infusion studies indicate that there is an influx of lipids from maternal and placental sources into the fetal circulation (Berghaus et al 1998;Elphick et al 1978;Hendrickse et al 1985). Furthermore, there is a dramatic mobilization of maternal fat stores during the third trimester of gestation (Pipe et al 1979), a period critical to brain development (Porterfield 2000); the biologic significance and bioavailability of PBDEs in fetal circulation during this period of gestation have yet to be determined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples.

Mazdai

Dodder

Abernathy

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

393

279

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants in consumer goods, such as plastics, electronics, textiles, and construction material. PBDEs have been found in human milk, fat, and blood samples. Rodent studies indicate that PBDEs may be detrimental to neurodevelopment, possibly by lowering thyroid hormone concentrations in blood. In the present study, we determined concentrations of PBDEs and thyroid hormones in human fetal and maternal serum. Patients presenting in labor to Indiana University and Wishard Memorial County hospitals in Indianapolis, who were older than 18 years, were recruited to participate. Twelve paired samples of maternal and cord blood were obtained and analyzed using gas chromatographic mass spectrometry; thyroid hormone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Six congeners of PBDE were measured in maternal and fetal serum samples. The concentrations of total PBDEs found in maternal sera ranged from 15 to 580 ng/g lipid, and the concentrations found in fetal samples ranged from 14 to 460 ng/g lipid. Individual fetal blood concentrations did not differ from the corresponding maternal concentrations, indicating that measurement of maternal PBDE blood levels is useful in predicting fetal exposure; similarly, other reports have shown a high correlation between PBDE in mother's milk and fetal exposure. In accord with reports on other biologic samples, the tetrabrominated PBDE congener BDE-47 accounted for 53-64% of total PBDEs in the serum. The concentrations of PBDEs found in maternal and fetal serum samples were 20-106-fold higher than the levels reported previously in a similar population of Swedish mothers and infants. In this small sample, there was no apparent correlation between serum PBDEs and thyroid hormone concentrations. Our study shows that human fetuses in the United States may be exposed to relatively high levels of PBDEs. Further investigation is required to determine if these levels are specific to central Indiana and to assess the toxic potential of these exposure levels. Key words: brominated diphenyl ethers, cord blood, human, pregnancy, serum.

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The Passage of Fat Emulsion Across the Human Placenta

Cited by 45 publications

References 40 publications

Foetal mortality in moderately zinc-deficient rats is strictly related to the process of parturition: effect of maternal essential fatty acid supplementation

Foetal mortality in moderately zinc-deficient rats is strictly related to the process of parturition: effect of maternal essential fatty acid supplementation

Effect of placental function on fatty acid requirements during pregnancy

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples.

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