The Partition Ratio of Alcohol Between Air and Water, Urine and Blood; Estimation and Identification of Alcohol in These Liquids From Analysis of Air Equilibrated With Them

Harger, Rolla N.; Raney, B.B.; Bridwell, E.G.; Kitchel, Mary F.

doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)56458-9

Cited by 99 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Since amphibian skin is semi-permeable, it allows absorption of aqueous ethanol directly [20]. The binding of ethanol to plasma proteins appears to be negligible [21,22]. After absorption through the skin ethanol comes into the blood stream and is distributed into total body water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homeopathic drugs complementary, antidotal and inimical to Nux vomica produce stronger anti-alcoholic effect on toads than Nux.

Konar¹,

Sarkar²,

Chakraborty³

et al. 2021

Int J High Dilution Res

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Background: In homeopathy some drugs are known to act as complementary, antidotal or inimical to a particular drug. Practitioners can follow this rule when they apply one drug following another. Potentized Nux vomica can reduce acute hypnotic effect of alcohol on toads. Sulphur and Sepia are reported to be complementary to Nux-vom, while Coffea cruda and Zincum met are antidotal and inimical to Nux, respectively .The four drugs have been tested on the toad model to find out their actual therapeutic relationship with Nux vom. Objective: To verify the complementary effect of Sulphur and Sepia, antidotal effect of Coffea and inimical effect of Zincum in relation to Nux vom in the toad model. Methods: Five batches of toads, each comprising 20 individuals, were treated by partial immersion in a drug diluted with distilled water 1:500 for 20 min. The control consisted of 90% ethanol diluted with distilled water 1:500. The drugs were Nux vom 200 CH, Sulphur 200 CH, Sepia 200 CH, Coffea 200 CH and Zincum 200 CH. Toads of each batch were separately exposed to 260mM ethanol solution and tested every 10 min to see if they had lost their righting reflex (RR). For this, each toad was laid on its dorsal surface. If it failed to turn on its ventrum in a cut-off time of 60 sec it was considered to have lost its RR. Four more batches of toads were pretreated with Nux vom 200 CH and subsequently treated separately by Sulphur 200 CH, Sepia 200 CH, Coffea 200 CH and Zincum 200 CH. All the toads were then exposed to 260 mM ethanol solution to record their tolerance to ethanol anesthesia in terms of time to lose RR. Results: Toads treated with the five drugs took significantly longer time (P

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homeopathic drugs complementary, antidotal and inimical to Nux vomica produce stronger anti-alcoholic effect on toads than Nux.

Konar¹,

Sarkar²,

Chakraborty³

et al. 2021

Int J High Dilution Res

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“…Toads have both pulmonary and cutaneous respiration, and the latter is sufficient to prevent clinical hypoxia during anesthesia. Ethanol is not liable to ionization, and its binding to plasma proteins seems to be negligible [18,19]. The amphibians can tolerate very high concentrations of anesthetics including ethanol compared to mammals [5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer of anti-alcoholic effect of Nux Vomica 200 cH through water from one group of toads to another under alcohol anesthesia

Chakraborty

Sukul

Sukul³

et al. 2021

Int J High Dilution Res

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Background: A common practice is to give homeopathic medication to nursing mothers to treat their children, assuming that the drug will be conveyed by the milk. In the case of conventional treatment, the drug molecules are indeed passed on from the mother to her breastfed infant. However, high dilutions (HD) above 12 cH, i.e., over Avogadroâ€™s number, are traditionally held to lack any molecule from the starting material. If that is the case, then, does medication taken by the mother actually reach the child? To answer to that question, we developed plant models and demonstrated the transfer of HD effects between 2 groups of plants. Aims: To demonstrate the transfer of HD effects in an animal model in a much shorter time. Methods: Two batches of toads were respectively placed in two beakers, one containing Nux vomica 200 cH diluted with water 1:500 (direct treatment), and the other the same amount of distilled water were connected by cotton thread soaked in water and encased in a polyethylene tube (connected group); a third batch of toads (control) were placed in a beaker with 90% ethanol diluted with distilled water 1:500; all the animals were left 30 minutes, and then transferred to 3 independent beakers containing 209 mM ethanol. Every 10 minutes, the motionless toads were removed from the beakers, and placed on supine position, failure to recover the upright position after 60 sec was considered as loss of the righting reflex (RR). The experiment was replicated using large adult toads. Results: The percentage of toads losing the RR increased with the time of exposure to 209 mM ethanol in the 3 groups of toads. Significant difference in the percentage distribution was found between the control and the direct treatment and connected groups on Ï‡2 test (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively), whereby the latter required much longer time to lose the RR, and did not differed between them. In the experiment with large adult toads, the control group lost RR in 78 min, whereas the 2 treated groups did not lose RR even after 240 min. Conclusion: Nux-v 200 cH countered the hypnotic effect of alcohol in young toads, and this effect was transferred through capillary water in the cotton thread, supporting the transfer of the effect of homeopathic medication from mother to child.

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“…Class A glassware, American Chemical Society/United States Pharmacopeia grade chemicals, and purified water were used. Ethanol reference standards were prepared to produce vapor concentrations of 0.020, 0.040, 0.080, 0.160, 0.250 g/210L using Harger's water/air partition coefficient of 2539:1 at 34°C (36). Reference vapors of potentially interfering substances were prepared to produce vapor concentrations of acetone, isopropanol, and methanol at 0.5, 0.1, 0.1 mg/L respectively (34).…”

Section: Aqueous Reference Standardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro evaluation of BACtrack®'s smartphone-connected personal breath alcohol analyzers

Olson¹

2021

Preprint

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This study assessed the in vitro accuracy, precision, specificity, and measurement uncertainty of BACtrack®’s line of smartphone-connected breath alcohol analyzers. At the 0.080 g/210L ethanol vapor concentration the measurement uncertainty was determined to be ± 0.013, 0.004, and 0.006 g/210L for the Pro, C8, and C6 respectively at the 95% coverage interval. The analyzers showed an apparent ethanol response to isopropanol, and methanol, but not to acetone. BACtrack®’s smartphone-connected breath alcohol analyzers showed the ability to measure vaporous ethanol with confidence in the results.

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The Partition Ratio of Alcohol Between Air and Water, Urine and Blood; Estimation and Identification of Alcohol in These Liquids From Analysis of Air Equilibrated With Them

Cited by 99 publications

References 12 publications

Homeopathic drugs complementary, antidotal and inimical to Nux vomica produce stronger anti-alcoholic effect on toads than Nux.

Homeopathic drugs complementary, antidotal and inimical to Nux vomica produce stronger anti-alcoholic effect on toads than Nux.

Transfer of anti-alcoholic effect of Nux Vomica 200 cH through water from one group of toads to another under alcohol anesthesia

In vitro evaluation of BACtrack®'s smartphone-connected personal breath alcohol analyzers

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