The partial reinforcement effect sustained through blocks of continuous reinforcement.

Theios, John

doi:10.1037/h0046302

Cited by 80 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…The obtained PREE agrees with the many studies using either food (Robbins, 1971) or sucrose reward (Likely, Little, & Mackintosh, 1971;Tombaugh, McCloskey, & Tombaugh, 1971), as well as with the water studies cited earlier (Gray et ai, 1972;Jenkins & Rigby, 1950;King, 1972;Wilson et aI., 1955). The sustained PRE obtained in this study supports and extends similar findings obtained with food reward (Jenkins, 1962;Leung & Jensen, 1968;Sutherland, Mackintosh, & Wolf, 1965;Theios, 1962). Until now, no investigation of sustained PRE as a function of water reward seems to have been carried out.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

The partial reinforcement effect sustained through blocks of continuous water reinforcement

Shanab

Melrose

Young

1975

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

The partial reinforcement effect sustained through blocks of continuous water reinforcement

Shanab

Melrose

Young

1975

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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“…Under the simplest discrimination hypothesis, this interposed continuous reinforcement should always enable the discrimination of the extinction condition and should remove the PREE (Domjan, 1998). However, interposing fully reinforced conditions did not remove the PREE (Jenkins, 1962;Theios, 1962).…”

Section: The Role Of Discrimination In Preementioning

confidence: 97%

Reconciling reinforcement learning models with behavioral extinction and renewal: Implications for addiction, relapse, and problem gambling.

Redish

Jensen

Johnson

et al. 2007

Psychological Review

321

459

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Because learned associations are quickly renewed following extinction, the extinction process must include processes other than unlearning. However, reinforcement learning models, such as the temporal difference reinforcement learning (TDRL) model, treat extinction as an unlearning of associated value and are thus unable to capture renewal. TDRL models are based on the hypothesis that dopamine carries a reward prediction error signal; these models predict reward by driving that reward error to zero. The authors construct a TDRL model that can accommodate extinction and renewal through two simple processes: (a) a TDRL process that learns the value of situation-action pairs and (b) a situation recognition process that categorizes the observed cues into situations. This model has implications for dysfunctional states, including relapse after addiction and problem gambling.

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“…Some years ago, Theios (1962) reported that a shift from irregular partial reward to consistent reward had very little effect on resistance to extinction relative to partial reward alone. This finding was taken to be inconsistent with certain theories that might expect a shift from partial reward to consistent reward to reduce resistance to extinction.…”

Section: Sequential View 175mentioning

confidence: 99%

The sequential view: From rapidly fading stimulus traces to the organization of memory and the abstract concept of number

Capaldi

1994

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

133

207

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The development ofthe sequential approach to instrumentallearning from about 1958 to the present is described. The sequential model began as an attempt to explain a particular dass of neglected partial reward phenomena, those in which performance in acquisition and extinction is influenced by the particular sequence in which rewarded and nonrewarded trials occur in acquisition, and it was subsequently applied to a variety of other phenomena. Over time, the sequential model grew, sometimes through the replacement of older assumptions by novel ones, as when retrieved memories replaced stimulus traces, and sometimes simply through the addition of novel assumptions, such as that animals are capable of remembering retrospectively one, two, three or more prior nonrewarded outcomes--the N-Iength assumption. The most recent assumption added to the sequential model is that on a given trial the animal may utilize its memory of prior reward outcomes to anticipate both the current reward outcome and one or more subsequent reward outcomes. One way to view the sequential model is to say that it is a specific theory in various degrees of competition with other specific theories. Several examples of this are provided. Another way to view the sequential model, a more important way in my opinion, is to see it as a representative of a general theoretical approach, intertrial theory, which differs in fundamental respects from another much more generaIly utilized theoretical approach, intratrial theory. I suggest that there is a substantial body of data that can be explained by intertrial mechanisms but not by intratrial mechanisms. The future may weIl reveal that the intertrial mechanisms have greater explanatory potential than the currently more popular intratrial mechanisms.The cognitive abilities of rats are far greater and more varied than was dreamed of even remotely until recently. Even now they are familiar to only a relative few. As Wright (1992) has recently indicated, an animal may perform poorly not because of its cognitive limitations, but because the experimenter has employed a task ill suited to the particular species. Varied reward situations, emphasized in this paper, have demonstrated themselves to be ideally suited to revealing a variety of complex abilities in rats. To be sure, varied reward situations were employed initiaIly to test the simplest of hypotheses. But varied reward situations, as we shall see, are very flexible, and when appropriately modified they can be ernployed in the service of many ends. Within the context ofthe author's sequential hypothesis, varied reward tasks have been repeatedly modified to reveal increasingly complex processes in the rat, an activity that is ongoing.In the present paper, varied reward refers to situations with the following characteristics. Animals receive two or more different reward outcomes, such as food reward Correspondence concerning this article should besent to E. J. Capaldi, Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 1364 Psychology Building, West ...

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The partial reinforcement effect sustained through blocks of continuous reinforcement.

Cited by 80 publications

References 7 publications

The partial reinforcement effect sustained through blocks of continuous water reinforcement

The partial reinforcement effect sustained through blocks of continuous water reinforcement

Reconciling reinforcement learning models with behavioral extinction and renewal: Implications for addiction, relapse, and problem gambling.

The sequential view: From rapidly fading stimulus traces to the organization of memory and the abstract concept of number

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