The Partial Carboxymethylation of Cotton to Obtain Swellable Fibers, I

Reid, J. David; Daul, George C.

doi:10.1177/004051754701701002

Cited by 32 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…l'ojyacrylaniides [271, however, were shown to cause some wet recovery improvement. It has also been shown in this lahoratory 2 ~ 10, 26,55 ] , that benzylated. ,B-propiolactoneor t-caprotactonetreated cotton, cyanoethylated cotton, and partially acetylated cotton likewise do not exhibit much wet crease, recovery improvement.…”

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confidence: 60%

The Nature of Wet Crease Recovery in Cotton—A Review

McKelvey

1964

Textile Research Journal

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Intro4uction, Unfinished cotton fabrics that have heen desizecl, ' scoured, and bleached are usually less resilient when wet tjiati when conditioned to &dquo;dryness&dquo; at 65% RH at 25° C. Thus 80 X 80 fabric has been found to have dry conditioned recovery angles of 195°' (warp plus filling) and 165 (W + F) when wet.On occasion, other memlers of this laboratory have observed cotton fahric in which the dry and wet crease recovery angles were of equal value and one sample at least with the wet recovery angle higher than the dry value. These anomalies are helieved to le due to the severity of, or the lack of severity of, the purification process and perhaps to the structure and history of the fabrics. It has been, experimentally shown that numerous reagents cause an elevation of both the dry and wet recovery angles, and the reagents which have been successful in textile finishing for wash-wear have heen dior '. poly functional. However, in the field o~ epoxide and formaldehyde finishing it has been found possiblẽ to elevate the wet crease angle without changing the dry angle very much, although sometimes with epoxide-treated fabrics the dry angle is definitely less than that of the untreated control. Gross deposition of re~n to cause &dquo;spot welding&dquo; of fibers or l~cril>l~eral deposition, as described by Steele 1701 I and Marsh [41], will not be considered in tliis discttssion. although noted in passing.From the number of references in the literature to wet crease recovery alone it would appear that the phenomenon has been rather widely observed over a considerable period of time. And since there is such a variety of reagents that can cause it under many different conditions of reaction, it is possible that what is being observed are several effects superimposed upon one another. The two most common reagents capable of making cotton crease resistant in the wet state alone are formaldehyde (or donors of it) and epichlorohydrin (or its precursors). However, as this review will show, the choice of a reagent is not limited to these two.IZeference will also 1>e made to effects of alkali alone on cotton, and, as will be pointed out, strong alkali (15-25% NaOH ) is used as a &dquo;catalyst&dquo; in preparing various cellulose derivatives, particularly the ethers. It is possible to cause improvement in 1 One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division,

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confidence: 60%

The Nature of Wet Crease Recovery in Cotton—A Review

McKelvey

1964

Textile Research Journal

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“…Such highly water-soluble CMC is well-known as a thickening agent in food, as an additive in pharmaceutics, cosmetics and detergents, but also as a component of membranes or drilling mud for water retention. Below a DS of 0.3-0.4, CMC is insoluble in water, however, such low-DS CMC show higher water absorbance and swelling in water than the original cellulose, even if the DS is only 0.025 (Walecka 1956;Reid and Daul 1947). In addition to the prevention of hornification, carboxymethylation could possibly also prevent agglomeration of the NFC during compounding with polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and characterization of water-redispersible nanofibrillated cellulose in powder form

et al. 2009

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Water-redispersible, nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) in powder form was prepared from refined, bleached beech pulp (RBP) by carboxymethylation (c) and mechanical disintegration (m). Two routes were examined by altering the sequence of the chemical and mechanical treatment, leading to four different products: RBP-m and RBP-mc (route 1), and RBP-c and RBP-cm (route 2). The occurrence of the carboxymethylation reaction was confirmed by FT-IR spectrometry and 13 C solid state NMR ( 13 C CP-MAS) spectroscopy with the appearance of characteristic signals for the carboxylate group at 1,595 cm -1 and 180 ppm, respectively. The chemical modification reduced the crystallinity of the products, especially for those of route 2, as shown by XRD experiments. Also, TGA showed a decrease in the thermal stability of the carboxymethylated products. However, sedimentation tests revealed that carboxymethylation was critical to obtain water-redispersible powders: the products of route 2 were easier to redisperse in water and their aqueous suspensions were more stable and transparent than those from route 1. SEM images of freeze-dried suspensions from redispersed RBP powders confirmed that carboxymethylation prevented irreversible agglomeration of cellulose fibrils during drying. These results suggest that carboxymethylated and mechanically disintegrated RBP in dry form is a very attractive alternative to conventional NFC aqueous suspensions as starting material for derivatization and compounding with (bio)polymers.

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“…The experiments described below were conducted to test this premise. [7]. '~ Determined for 5 minutes on a hydrostatic leakage tester similar to the one described in reference [5] except that it had a 2-inch-diameter circle and a 25-cm.…”

Section: Cloth From Carboxymethylated Yarnmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…

Whereas the cloth treated directly showed some improvement, the cloth woven from the treated yarn would not swell sufficiently when wet to close all interstices and prevent water leakage.

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“…The Partial Carboxymethylation of Cotton to Obtain Swellable Fibers, II* J. David Reid and George C. Daul Southern Regional Research Laboratory,t New Orleans, Louisiana THE AUTHORS have previously described [7] their work on the partial carboxymethylation of cotton linters, yarns, and threads for the purpose of obtaining quickly swellable fibers to aid in producing a cotton cloth less permeable to water. The present paper describes work on carboxymethylation in which cotton cloth was treated in the piece and cotton yarn was treated before it was woven into cloth.…”

mentioning

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The Partial Carboxymethylation of Cotton to Obtain Swellable Fibers, II

Reid

Daul

1948

Textile Research Journal

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THE AUTHORS have previously described [7] their work on the partial carboxymethylation of cotton linters, yarns, and threads for the purpose of obtaining quickly swellable fibers to aid in producing a cotton cloth less permeable to water. The present paper describes work on carboxymethylation in which cotton cloth was treated in the piece and cotton yarn was treated before it was woven into cloth.Whereas the cloth treated directly showed some improvement, the cloth woven from the treated yarn would not swell sufficiently when wet to close all interstices and prevent water leakage. The cloth from the treated yarn was, however, highly absorbent.A similar product, carboxyethylated rayon, prepared by the action of acrylonitrile on viscose, has recently been described [4]. Treatment of Cloth in the PieceIn an initial series of experiments on the treatment of cloth directly, a commercial sample of olive-drab dyed herringbone twill was used. Samples were carboxymethylated as follows:Approximately 8-x-8-inch pieces of cloth were soaked in a 40-percent aqueous solution of monochloroacetic acid containing about 0.1 percent of a wetting agent, the excess was squeezed out, and about 100 percent pickup of acid by weight of cloth was retained. They were then mercerized at room temperature, without tension, with 28-to 50-percent sodium hydroxide solution for 1 hour, and washed free of sodium hydroxide. One of these samples was lightly treated, another was more heavily treated, and the last was the heavily treated sample converted to the copper salt of carboxymethylcellulose. A mercerized control was prepared by soaking a piece of cloth in 40-percent sodium hydroxide solution for 1 hour.This series of experiments resulted in a cloth product with greatly increased air permeability and decreased water permeability, as shown by the data in Table I.The treatment as applied to sample No. 3 increased the air permeability approximately four times over that of the control, decreased the water permeability by a factor of about 28, and affected hand and feel only very slightly. The heavier treatment given to sample No. 4 produced a rather stiff, harsh product. Conversion to the copper salt of carboxymethylcellulose (sample No. 5) resulted in very high air permeability, with at least some decrease in water permeability, which showed that the addition of copper did not entirely prevent swelling.In order to show the swelling effect visually, one piece of loosely woven cloth was treated with 14-percent monochloroacetic acid and 35-percent sodium hydroxide to obtain approximately 1 carboxymethyl group per 20 glucose units. Another identical piece of cloth was mercerized with 35-percent sodium hydroxide to be used as a control. These two pieces of cloth were photomicrographed in the dry and wet states (Figures 1 and 2). The loosely woven material was selected to accentuate the interstices and the effect of swelling thereon. Figures 1B and 2B (mercerized and carboxymethylated cloth, respectively) illustrate the greater swelling capacity of the t...

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The Partial Carboxymethylation of Cotton to Obtain Swellable Fibers, I

Abstract: For the purpose of obtaining quickly swellable fibers to aid in making cloth less pervious to water, cotton fibers have been partially carboxymethylated. Different degrees of swelling have been obtained and the properties of the resulting products are described.

Cited by 32 publications

References 11 publications

The Nature of Wet Crease Recovery in Cotton—A Review

The Nature of Wet Crease Recovery in Cotton—A Review

Preparation and characterization of water-redispersible nanofibrillated cellulose in powder form

The Partial Carboxymethylation of Cotton to Obtain Swellable Fibers, II

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