The Paroxysmal Dyskinesias

Fahn, Stanley

doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-07941-2.50026-7

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 266 publications

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“…We confirmed our hypothesis of increased resting-state blood flow in premotor areas in catatonia compared to noncatatonic patients. In fact, among schizophrenia patients, increased perfusion in the SMA and vPMC, key regions for self-initiated movements, 26 , 42 was specific for state catatonia. Particularly, SMA perfusion differed between excited and retarded catatonia, indicating increased SMA neural activity in the retarded state.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Resting-State Hyperperfusion of the Supplementary Motor Area in Catatonia

Walther

Schäppi

Federspiel

et al. 2016

SCHBUL

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Catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome that not only frequently occurs in the context of schizophrenia but also in other conditions. The neural correlates of catatonia remain unclear due to small-sized studies. We therefore compared resting-state cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and gray matter (GM) density between schizophrenia patients with current catatonia and without catatonia and healthy controls. We included 42 schizophrenia patients and 41 controls. Catatonia was currently present in 15 patients (scoring >2 items on the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale screening). Patients did not differ in antipsychotic medication or positive symptoms. We acquired whole-brain rCBF using arterial spin labeling and GM density. We compared whole-brain perfusion and GM density over all and between the groups using 1-way ANCOVAs (F and T tests). We found a group effect (F test) of rCBF within bilateral supplementary motor area (SMA), anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left interior parietal lobe, and cerebellum. T tests indicated 1 cluster (SMA) to be specific to catatonia. Moreover, catatonia of excited and retarded types differed in SMA perfusion. Furthermore, increased catatonia severity was associated with higher perfusion in SMA. Finally, catatonia patients had a distinct pattern of GM density reduction compared to controls with prominent GM loss in frontal and insular cortices. SMA resting-state hyperperfusion is a marker of current catatonia in schizophrenia. This is highly compatible with a dysregulated motor system in catatonia, particularly affecting premotor areas. Moreover, SMA perfusion was differentially altered in retarded and excited catatonia subtypes, arguing for distinct pathobiology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Resting-State Hyperperfusion of the Supplementary Motor Area in Catatonia

Walther

Schäppi

Federspiel

et al. 2016

SCHBUL

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“…The age of manifestation can be in childhood or early teens, and the attacks tend to diminish with age. A male preponderance (1.4 : 1) is described [Fahn, 1994]. Although sporadic cases are reported, PNKD is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with high penetrance (490%) [Jankovic and Demirkiran, 2002].…”

Section: Paroxysmal Non-kinesigenic Dyskinesiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The frequency of attacks is highly variable and can range from 100 per day to less than 1 per month [Bruno et al 2004]. Age of onset is usually in the first or second decade of life, but manifestation in early childhood or late adulthood has been reported [Demirikiran and Jankovic, 1995;Fahn, 1994]. Males are more commonly affected than females with a ratio of 3.75 : 1 [Fahn, 1994].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Age of onset is usually in the first or second decade of life, but manifestation in early childhood or late adulthood has been reported [Demirikiran and Jankovic, 1995;Fahn, 1994]. Males are more commonly affected than females with a ratio of 3.75 : 1 [Fahn, 1994]. Mostly, PKDs are idiopathic, and in the majority, there is a family history of autosomal dominant inheritance with penetrance 470%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several classification schemes [Fahn, 1994;Goodenough et al 1978;Lance, 1977] of PD mainly based on duration and etiology have been proposed since the first description by Mount and Reback [1940]. In 1995, Demirkiran and Jankovic proposed a descriptive classification of PD based on precipitating events and differentiated four types: (1) paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesias (PKD), (2) paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesias (PNKD), (3) paroxysmal exercise-induced (exertion-induced) dyskinesias (PED) and (4) paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesias (PHD).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Review: Diagnosis and treatment of paroxysmal dyskinesias revisited

Unterberger

Trinka

2008

Ther Adv Neurol Disord

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Paroxysmal dyskinesias (PDs) are a rare group of hyperkinetic movement disorders mainly characterized by their episodic nature. Neurological examination may be entirely normal between the attacks. Three main types of PDs can be distinguished based on their precipitating events -(i) paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesias (PKD), (ii) paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesias (PNKD) and (iii) paroxysmal exercise-induced (exertion-induced) dyskinesias (PED). The diagnosis of PDs is based on their clinical presentation and precipitating events. Substantial progress has been made in the field of genetics and PDs. Treatment options mainly include anticonvulsants and benefit of treatment is depending on the type of PD. Most important differential diagnosis are non-epileptic psychogenic, non-epileptic organic and epileptic attack disorders, especially nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy.

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Pseudohypoparathyroidism manifesting with paroxysmal dyskinesias and seizures

Prashantha

Pal

2009

Movement Disorders

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The Paroxysmal Dyskinesias

Cited by 7 publications

References 266 publications

Resting-State Hyperperfusion of the Supplementary Motor Area in Catatonia

Resting-State Hyperperfusion of the Supplementary Motor Area in Catatonia

Review: Diagnosis and treatment of paroxysmal dyskinesias revisited

Pseudohypoparathyroidism manifesting with paroxysmal dyskinesias and seizures

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