The Parkhill Phase Middle Paleoindian Hipwater Site, Great Lakes, USA

Lovis, William A.; Arbogast, Alan F.; Carr, Dillon H.; Donahue, Randolph E.; Rademaker, Kurt; McKeehan, Kevin

doi:10.1080/20555563.2022.2135478

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 21 publications

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“…Ochre/hematite is also documented on five Middle Paleoamerican bifaces at the Hipwater site in Michigan (Lovis et al . 46 :323) by Donahue 47 . Both lateral edges of this point were also used in heavy butchery, identified by the presence of fresh hide and meat polish along the edge with spots of bone polish.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paleoamerican exploitation of extinct megafauna revealed through immunological blood residue and microwear analysis, North and South Carolina, USA

Moore

Kimball

Goodyear

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection between Paleoamericans and extinct megafauna species. The lack of physical evidence for the presence of extinct megafauna begs the question, did early Paleoamericans regularly hunt or scavenge these animals, or were some megafauna already extinct? In this study of 120 Paleoamerican stone tools from across North and South Carolina, we investigate this question using crossover immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). We find immunological support for the exploitation of extant and extinct megafauna, including Proboscidea, Equidae, and Bovidae (possibly Bison antiquus), on Clovis points and scrapers, as well as possible early Paleoamerican Haw River points. Post-Clovis points tested positive for Equidae and Bovidae but not Proboscidea. Microwear results are consistent with projectile usage, butchery, fresh- and dry hide scraping, the use of ochre-coated dry hides for hafting, and dry hide sheath wear. This study represents the first direct evidence of the exploitation of extinct megafauna by Clovis and other Paleoamerican cultures in the Carolinas and more broadly, across the eastern United States, where there is generally poor to non-existent faunal preservation. Future CIEP analysis of stone tools may provide evidence on the timing and demography of megafaunal collapse leading to eventual extinction.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%