The Parenting Scale: A measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations.

Arnold, David H.; O’Leary, Susan G.; Wolff, Lisa; Acker, Maureen M.

doi:10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.137

Cited by 1,243 publications

(1,330 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…Although much research has investigated parenting and family functioning (72) in relation to child diet, not many studies appear to have used the PS (53) and yet this measure yielded notable results; perhaps tapping into other aspects of the classic parenting styles with regard to their influence on child diet. Inconsistent findings that have been highlighted in the present paper may be attributed to the use of tools that do not measure important aspects of parenting or feeding practices that impact on child diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations between parenting styles and nutrition knowledge and 2–5-year-old children's fruit, vegetable and non-core food consumption

Peters

Dollman

Petkov

et al. 2012

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: During the early years, parents have a major influence on children's diets and developing food choices. We investigated parenting styles as predictors of 2-5-year-old children's diets and whether general nutrition knowledge (GNK) mediated these influences. Design: Cross-sectional research. Questionnaires measured demographic and lifestyle variables, family environment, parenting styles and feeding practices, child diet and GNK. Regression models tested GNK as a mediator of relationships between parenting variables and child diet (fruit/vegetable and non-core food consumption), controlling for confounders and family environment. Setting: Questionnaires were completed by main caregivers at home. Subjects: Parents of children aged 2-5 years (n 269). Results: Higher child fruit/vegetable consumption was associated with lower overreactive parenting and restriction, higher authoritative parenting and dining together as a family; with lax parenting approaching statistical significance (P 5 0?083) and 19 % of variance explained by the model. GNK was not a significant predictor. Conversely, non-core food consumption was associated with higher over-reactive and lax parenting as well as child age, increased takeaway food consumption and higher television viewing; GNK had a small effect (P 5 0?043) and 28 % of variance was explained by the model. GNK was a significant mediator only for authoritative parenting on non-core food (effect 5 20?005). Conclusions: These findings highlight that young children's diets may be improved by interventions targeting a range of positive and supportive parenting practices in conjunction with nutrition knowledge education for parents of young children. Further insights will come from closer attention to the nature and role of restrictive feeding practices v. laxness and longitudinal research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Values of a coefficients for individual factors are reported as 0?83 for Laxness, 0?82 for Over-reactivity, 0?63 for Verbosity and 0?84 for the total instrument; and test-retest correlations are reported as 0?83 for Laxness, 0?82 for Over-reactivity and 0?79 for Verbosity (53) .…”

Section: Parenting Stylesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between parenting styles and nutrition knowledge and 2–5-year-old children's fruit, vegetable and non-core food consumption

Peters

Dollman

Petkov

et al. 2012

Public Health Nutr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Parental feeding practices thought to influence child weight were assessed using five constructs (16) from the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (17) . Parenting practices were indicated by the Parenting Scale (18) , with higher scores indicating more ineffective parenting practices (possible range: 1-7). For example, in response to 'When I give a fair threat or warning…' the parent would indicate 'I often don't carry it out' (score of 7) compared with 'I always do what I said' (score of 1).…”

Section: Health Check Appointmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental motivation to change body weight in young overweight children

Taylor

Williams

Dawson

et al. 2014

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To determine what factors are associated with parental motivation to change body weight in overweight children. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Dunedin, New Zealand. Subjects: Two hundred and seventy-one children aged 4-8 years, recruited in primary and secondary care, were identified as overweight (BMI ≥ 85th percentile) after screening. Parents completed questionnaires on demographics; motivation to improve diet, physical activity and weight; perception and concern about weight; parenting; and social desirability, prior to being informed that their child was overweight. Additional measures of physical activity (accelerometry), dietary intake and child behaviour (questionnaire) were obtained after feedback. Results: Although all children were overweight, only 42 % of parents perceived their child to be so, with 36 % indicating any concern. Very few parents (n 25, 8 %) were actively trying to change the child's weight. Greater motivation to change weight was observed for girls compared with boys (P = 0·001), despite no sex difference in BMI Z-score (P = 0·374). Motivation was not associated with most demographic variables, social desirability, dietary intake, parenting or child behaviour. Increased motivation to change the child's weight was observed for heavier children (P < 0·001), those who were less physically active (P = 0·002) and more sedentary (P < 0·001), and in parents who were more concerned about their child's weight (P < 0·001) or who used greater food restriction (P < 0·001). Conclusions: Low levels of parental motivation to change overweight in young children highlight the urgent need to determine how best to improve motivation to initiate change.

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“…The PS Total score (range = 1-7) increases with increasingly dysfunctional parenting, has good internal consistency (α = .84), good test-retest reliability (r = .84), and reliably discriminates between parents of clinical and nonclinical children where scores in excess of 3.1 denote "clinical" levels of dysfunctional parenting (Arnold et al, 1993).…”

Section: Parenting Scale (Ps)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total score on the Parenting Scale (PS) (Arnold et al, 1993) was used to measure parenting behavior, and fitted in a linear mixed model. Table 2 contains the model estimates (B's), standard errors, associated 95% confidence intervals, and estimated effects of the intervention effects on both the Parenting Total Score and the scores for verbosity, laxness, and overreactivity components.…”

Section: Parenting Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of Child Behavior Problems Through Universal Implementation of a Group Behavioral Family Intervention

et al. 2005

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The aim of this mental health promotion initiative was to evaluate the effectiveness of a universally delivered group behavioral family intervention (BFI) in preventing behavior problems in children. This study investigates the transferability of an efficacious clinical program to a universal prevention intervention delivered through child and community health services targeting parents of preschoolers within a metropolitan health region. A quasiexperimental two-group (BFI, n = 804 vs. Comparison group, n = 806) longitudinal design followed preschool aged children and their parents over a 2-year period. BFI was associated with significant reductions in parent-reported levels of dysfunctional parenting and parentreported levels of child behavior problems. Effect sizes on child behavior problems ranged from large (.83) to moderate (.47). Positive and significant effects were also observed in parent mental health, marital adjustment, and levels of child rearing conflict. Findings are discussed with respect to their implication for significant population reductions in child behavior problems as well as the pragmatic challenges for prevention science in encouraging both the evaluation and uptake of preventive initiatives in real world settings.

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The Parenting Scale: A measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations.

Cited by 1,243 publications

References 66 publications

Associations between parenting styles and nutrition knowledge and 2–5-year-old children's fruit, vegetable and non-core food consumption

Associations between parenting styles and nutrition knowledge and 2–5-year-old children's fruit, vegetable and non-core food consumption

Parental motivation to change body weight in young overweight children

Prevention of Child Behavior Problems Through Universal Implementation of a Group Behavioral Family Intervention

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