The Parasitic Coelenterate, Polypodium hydriforme Ussov, from the Eggs of the American Acipenseriform Polyodon spathula

Raikova, E. V.; Suppes, V. Ch.; Hoffman, G. L.

doi:10.2307/3280366

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…This accords with the fact that Polypodium possesses nematocysts [17,18] and a cnidarian-like body plan [7-9,12]. The precise placement of Polypodium within Cnidaria is less certain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…During eversion, the yolk of the host oocyte fills the gastral cavities of the parasite, supplying the future free-living stage with nutrients [6,7]. Finally, upon emerging from the host egg in fresh water, the free-living stolon (Figure 1A) fragments into individual medusoid-like forms (Figure 1B) that go on to multiply by means of longitudinal fission, form sexual organs, and ultimately infect host fish with their gametophores [6-9]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic parasite, Polypodium hydriforme, within the Phylum Cnidaria

et al. 2008

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BackgroundPolypodium hydriforme is a parasite with an unusual life cycle and peculiar morphology, both of which have made its systematic position uncertain. Polypodium has traditionally been considered a cnidarian because it possesses nematocysts, the stinging structures characteristic of this phylum. However, recent molecular phylogenetic studies using 18S rDNA sequence data have challenged this interpretation, and have shown that Polypodium is a close relative to myxozoans and together they share a closer affinity to bilaterians than cnidarians. Due to the variable rates of 18S rDNA sequences, these results have been suggested to be an artifact of long-branch attraction (LBA). A recent study, using multiple protein coding markers, shows that the myxozoan Buddenbrockia, is nested within cnidarians. Polypodium was not included in this study. To further investigate the phylogenetic placement of Polypodium, we have performed phylogenetic analyses of metazoans with 18S and partial 28S rDNA sequences in a large dataset that includes Polypodium and a comprehensive sampling of cnidarian taxa.ResultsAnalyses of a combined dataset of 18S and partial 28S sequences, and partial 28S alone, support the placement of Polypodium within Cnidaria. Removal of the long-branched myxozoans from the 18S dataset also results in Polypodium being nested within Cnidaria. These results suggest that previous reports showing that Polypodium and Myxozoa form a sister group to Bilateria were an artifact of long-branch attraction.ConclusionBy including 28S rDNA sequences and a comprehensive sampling of cnidarian taxa, we demonstrate that previously conflicting hypotheses concerning the phylogenetic placement of Polypodium can be reconciled. Specifically, the data presented provide evidence that Polypodium is indeed a cnidarian and is either the sister taxon to Hydrozoa, or part of the hydrozoan clade, Leptothecata. The former hypothesis is consistent with the traditional view that Polypodium should be placed in its own cnidarian class, Polypodiozoa.

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“…This accords with the fact that Polypodium possesses nematocysts [17,18] and a cnidarian-like body plan [7-9,12]. The precise placement of Polypodium within Cnidaria is less certain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic parasite, Polypodium hydriforme, within the Phylum Cnidaria

et al. 2008

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“…16. Gonad-gametophore containing binucleate cells and underlined with nematocysts-carrying lid P. hydriforme infection in the eggs of acipenseriform fishes been shown in the sterlet, Russian sturgeon, American paddlefish (Raikova et al, 1979), ship, sevrjuga, and beluga (Raikova, 1986(Raikova, , 1994. Binucleate cells occur in sterlet oocytes undergoing the Ôslow growthÕ phase.…”

Section: Correlation Between Parasite Development and Oogenesis In Acmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polypodium hydriforme infection in the eggs of acipenseriform fishes

Raikova¹

2002

J Appl Ichthyol

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“…was initially reported in North America by Hoffman et al (1974) in lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens from the Black River near Cheboygan, Michigan, and was subsequently recognized by Suppes and Meyer (1975) in paddlefish Polyodon spathula from the Osage River in Missouri. Raikova et al (1979) placed the North American form in Polypodium hydriforme Ussov, 1885. Our study was undertaken to investigate the geographic distribution of P. hydriforme because the information was needed in a water management program.…”

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confidence: 99%

Polypodium hydriforme(Coelenterata) in Paddlefish from the Upper Missouri River Drainage

Holloway

Dick

Ottinger

1991

Journal of Aquatic Animal Health

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Polypodium hydriforme, a parasitic coelenterate infecting oocytes of acipenserid fishes, is reported from the upper Missouri River drainage. This finding extends the known distribution of P. hydriforme northward from the Osage River near Jefferson City, Missouri. Polypodium hydriforme has also been recovered from the Lake Huron drainage. The parasite was found in eggs from 4 of 5 artificially spawned paddlefish Polyodon spathula in South Dakota and North Dakota, and 6 of 19 paddlefish, untreated with hormones, at Intake, Montana. Less than 1% of the paddlefish eggs were infected. Although there are few specific characteristics for identification, the form morphometrically and histologically analyzed agrees with the description off. hydriforme.

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The Parasitic Coelenterate, Polypodium hydriforme Ussov, from the Eggs of the American Acipenseriform Polyodon spathula

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic parasite, Polypodium hydriforme, within the Phylum Cnidaria

Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic parasite, Polypodium hydriforme, within the Phylum Cnidaria

Polypodium hydriforme infection in the eggs of acipenseriform fishes

Polypodium hydriforme(Coelenterata) in Paddlefish from the Upper Missouri River Drainage

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