1980
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1980.tb03499.x
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The parasite‐host relationship between Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Abstract: The parasitic wasp Encarsia formosa is used in many countries to control an important glasshouse pest, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Increasing energy costs initiated research about breeding tomato varieties that can be grown at lower glasshouse temperatures than usual. Encarsia formosa is, however, not sufficiently efficient in controlling whitefly at these low temperatures. The great success of this biocontrol method forces us to search for a solution either by selecting cold‐resistant E. formosa strains, or by… Show more

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Cited by 78 publications
(10 citation statements)
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References 44 publications
(36 reference statements)
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“…Milliron (1940) found that degree of parasitization was affected by the pubescence of the plant and by excretions of the host plant and whitefly nymphs. Vet et al (1980) reported that parasitization of greenhouse whitefly by En. formosa on cucumber leaves was much less than on tomato, eggplant, or paprika leaves.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Milliron (1940) found that degree of parasitization was affected by the pubescence of the plant and by excretions of the host plant and whitefly nymphs. Vet et al (1980) reported that parasitization of greenhouse whitefly by En. formosa on cucumber leaves was much less than on tomato, eggplant, or paprika leaves.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These two herbivores are important pests in greenhouses in Western Europe and frequently invade the same greenhouses (Messelink et al, 2010), where they cause damage to crops such as cucumber, tomato, and sweet pepper. The whitefly crawlers and adults cause direct crop damage by inserting their stylet into leaf veins and extracting phloem sap and indirect damage by reduced photosynthesis as a result of sooty mould (Vet et al, 1980;Lei et al, 1996). Thrips feeding on immature cucumber fruits causes silvery scarring, or even malformation of the fruit.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is a well known example. It was extensively introduced to control the glasshouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) (Vet et al 1980;van Lenteren et al 1996;De Clercq et al 2011) and now established in the wild ). The Coccinellidae is another family for which the majority of alien species (predatory ladybirds) have been intentionally introduced as biological control agents (Roy and Migeon 2010).…”
Section: Species Introduced Intentionally As Biological Control Agentsmentioning
confidence: 99%