The paper chromatography of indole compounds and some indole-containing auxins of plant tissues

Stowe, Bruce B.; Thimann, Kenneth V.

doi:10.1016/0003-9861(54)90505-6

Cited by 163 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The latter authors identified their spot as being due to IPA, which gives a crimson color with the Salkowski reagent. Auxins moving faster than IAA in solvents similar to the isopropanol-ammonia-water one used in the present investigation have also been found in diverse materials: apple seed (11), crabapple leaves (5), wheat roots (9), sweet corn kernels (24), cultures of Jerusalem artichoke (20), etc. The auxin in apple seeds found by Luckwill to have a Rf in the neighborhood of 0.83 has been identified by Teubner (25) as IAE, a natural auxin previously extracted from immature corn kernels by Redeman et al (18).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 52%

Free Auxins and Free Tryptophane in the Strawberry.

Nitsch

1955

Plant Physiol.

117

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It has been previously demonstrated (15) that the growth of the strawberry receptacle is regulated by the achenes. This control is exerted through substances which are active in the Avena test, a standard test for auxins. The exact identity of these natural auxins, however, had not been investigated. The purpose of this paper is to report further experiments on the production of auxins by strawberry achenes, on the level of free tryptophane, a generally presumed raw material in the genesis of natural indolic auxins, and on the separation of the auxins of the strawberry by paper chromatography. MATERIAL AND METHODSStrawberries, var. Marshall,3 were grown in pots in the greenhouse and hand pollinated. The fruits were removed at three day intervals during a period extending from 3 to 30 days after pollination, at which time the berries were ripe. Upon picking, the fruits were immediately brought to a cold room (50 C), the achenes were separated from the receptacles, both fractions were frozen by placing in a deepfreeze, and the frozen material was lyophilized. The lyophilized samples were used for auxin and tryptophane determinations.Auxins were extracted with peroxide-free ether (water saturated) alone, or with a mixture of one part of acetone and two parts of ether (V/V) in an ice-bath at 0°C, in the dark, for 2 to 4 hours. It is generally agreed that such a procedure yields only "free" auxin, by contrast to treatments with alkali, proteolytic enzymes, or merely prolonged incubation at room temperature (29)."Free" tryptophane was extracted according to the procedure of Dr. J. H. M. Henderson (unpublished) which consists of two steps: (1) the precipitation of proteins by boiling ethanol for 3 minutes, followed by the evaporation of the alcohol on a steam bath; (2) the extraction of tryptophane with hot water (repeated twice). The aqueous extract thus obtained was shaken with ether at pH 4.0 to purify it from possible traces of indole and anthranilic acid which give a positive test in the bioassay used. Then, the pH of the aqueous extract was adjusted to 6.0, and its tryptophane content measured quantitatively by the Lactobacillus assay (16, 17), a procedure which (in the absence of indole and anthranilic acid) is remarkably specific for L-tryptophane, as recently confirmed by Stowe (22). Brighton gave a satisfactory Avena test. For the straight growth bioassay, seeds were soaked for two hours in water and, then, laid down on wet facial tissue through which roots can grow freely (which is not the case with filter paper). The seeds were placed for about 4 hours at approximately 35 cm under a 32 watt G.E. white fluorescent "Circline" light filtered through a Corning filter No. 2404, to suppress growth of the mesocotyl. After the red light treatment, the seedlings were grown in a darkroom at 25°C and 85 % relative humidity. When the coleoptiles reached about 2.5 cm in length, the first 3 mm from the tip were cut off and discarded, while the next 4 mm were saved for the assay. Four mm rather than 10 mm sections were us...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 52%

Free Auxins and Free Tryptophane in the Strawberry.

Nitsch

1955

Plant Physiol.

117

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“…0'88) (10:1:1), or water. The ammoniacal iso-propanol mixture is widely used in auxin chromatography, as it has been found to give good separation of acidic auxins (Stowe & Thimann, 1954). It has the disadvantage that the ammonia may cause breakdown of unstable compounds with production of artifacts (Bentley, 1958b(Bentley, , 1960b, but it was felt advisable to use it here for the purposes of comparison with earlier work on plant extracts.…”

Section: Chromatographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant hormones in marine phytoplankton, zooplankton and sea water

Bentley

1960

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

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433Studies by many workers on the subtle ecological relationships of marine organisms suggest that the distribution of these organisms may be controlled, at least in part, by trace organic substances in their environment. These substances may range from 'toxins to vitamins and hormones ' (Lucas, 1955). Saunders (1957) has reviewed the interrelations of dissolved organic matter and phytoplankton and considered the possible roles of organic metabolites in the growth of the algae. The presence of several vitamins, for example, B12, thiamin, niacin and biotin, has been demonstrated in natural waters, but the possible occurrence of plant hormones has not previously been considered ..Work is in progress at Aberdeen on the production by algae of plant hormones of the auxin type, and detection of these auxins in algal media. Auxins are hormones which promote cell enlargement in plants. All the known auxins are indole compounds. This paper reports results of an examination of marine phytoplankton and sea water.Many of the indole compounds known to be concerned in the bio-synthesis or degradation of indole auxins in the higher plants also occur in animals. For this reason it was decided to examine also zooplankton. MATERIALSThe following materials have been examined: PlanktonMarine phytoplankton and zooplankton collected by the fisheries research ships of the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland was treated immediately on collecting with half its volume of ethanol, and stored in the deep-freeze or freeze-dried on reaching the laboratory.Details of the phytoplankton samples, which consisted predominantly of diatoms, are given in Table 1. In addition to the species listed in Table I, a few protozoa, silico-flagellates, small copepods and faecal pellets were present in sample I, a few faecal pellets in sample II and a few dinoflagellates in all three samples.

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“…It was deduced that the IAN was being converted to IAA by an enzyme present in Avena but not in Pisum. The conversion was confirmed chromatographically (11), and the enzyme, nitrilase, has subsequently been purified and characterized (14,15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake of Indole-3-acetic Acid and Indole-3-acetonitrile by Avena Coleoptile Sections

Poole

Thimann

1964

Plant Physiol.

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PLANT PHYSIOLOGY showed reliable responses to rapid change in water conditions of plants. With proper calibrations, leaf water and internal water (relative turgidity or diffusion pressure deficit) changes can be followed. AcknowledgmentThe authors gratefully acknowledge the help of Dr. Carl Ehlig, U.S. Salinity Laboratory, for providing the equipment and assistance in making the DPD measurements of cotton plants and Dr. C. H. 'M. van

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The paper chromatography of indole compounds and some indole-containing auxins of plant tissues

Cited by 163 publications

References 42 publications

Free Auxins and Free Tryptophane in the Strawberry.

Free Auxins and Free Tryptophane in the Strawberry.

Plant hormones in marine phytoplankton, zooplankton and sea water

Uptake of Indole-3-acetic Acid and Indole-3-acetonitrile by Avena Coleoptile Sections

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