“…have been even greater (Johnson & Wislar, 2012;Tolonen et al, 2006). Attrition rates in large-scale longitudinal studies in the United States depend on the modality of data collection [e.g., mail, cellphone, and web] (Patrick et al, 2017) and range, for example, from 25% in the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health (Harris et al, 2019), to 40-55% in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (Aughinbaugh & Gardecki, 2007), 40-60% in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study (Hyland et al, 2017), 44% in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (McGonagle, Schoeni, Sastry, & Freedman, 2013), and 30-50% in other large-scale longitudinal studies in the United States and other countries (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020a, 2020b.…”