The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome

Sebbag, Lionel; Sanchez, Rick F.

doi:10.1111/vop.13054

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 91 publications

(336 reference statements)

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“…Similarly to Kim et al [39] and Packer et al [40], we associate exophthalmos as an aggravating factor due to the anatomical characteristics of the Shih-Tzu breed, which has a short snout and shallow bony orbit, leading to increased exposure of the ocular globe and insu cient eyelid closure [19]. Sebbag et al (2022) [30] also reported an association between ophthalmic abnormalities in Shih-Tzus, breed-speci c anatomical features, and de ciencies in the tear lm. They further mentioned that this breed is the most prevalent in ophthalmic consultations at various referral centers, not only in Brazil but also in the United States, Japan, Korea, and England.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Evaluation of tear film breakup time, Schirmer tear test, blink rate and tear ferning test in Shih-Tzu dogs

Vitor,

Teixeira,

Santos

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: Shih-Tzu dogs are severely affected by lacrimal surface ophthalmic disorders, such as Dry Eye Disease (DED). The objective of this study was to evaluate tear quality in Shih-Tzu dogs. Thirty dogs underwent eyelid blink counting, tear film breakup time (TBUT) test, Schirmer tear test (STT-1), and tear ferning test (TFT). Results: Of the 30 animals evaluated, 28 had STT-1 values within the normal range, with a mean and median of 24.5 and 25 mm/min, respectively. The mean and median of TBUT were 3.8 and 4 seconds, respectively. The majority of TFT classifications suggested ophthalmic alterations, with 61.1% classified as grade III according to the Rolando scale, and 46.4% as grade 3 according to the Masmali scale. In the blink rate, the mean and median values for incomplete eyelid blinks/min (86.9 and 67.5) were higher than for complete blinks/min (22.9 and 12), and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.001). Two dogs had STT-1 values below the reference range, with 10 mm/min in the right eye (RE) and 7 mm/min in the left eye (LE) for the first dog, and 9 mm/min (RE) and 10 mm/min (LE) for the second dog. The TBUT for the first dog was 3 and 4 seconds in the RE and LE, respectively, while for the second dog, it was 3 and 2 seconds in the RE and LE, respectively. Regarding TFT classification, the first dog had type II according to the Rolando scale for both eyes and grade 2 according to the Masmali scale for both eyes, while the second dog had type IV according to the Rolando scale for both eyes and grade 4 according to the Masmali scale for both eyes. In the blink rate, the evaluators observed a mean and median of 9.3 and 6 complete eyelid blinks/min, and 43.6 and 55 incomplete blinks/min for the first dog, and 3.3 and 3 complete eyelid blinks/min, and 43.3 and 44 incomplete blinks/min for the second dog. Conclusions: Under the conditions of this study, despite the animals having STT-1 values within the normal range for the species, there was a high prevalence of type III and grade 3 tear ferning pattern according to the Rolando and Masmali scales, respectively. These patterns are not considered healthy in dogs. Additionally, the dogs exhibited few complete eyelid blinks and a high frequency of incomplete blinks. This finding indicates that the animals, despite having an adequate aqueous fraction, have compromised tear quality and poor spreading of the tear film, which may result in Dry Eye Disease (DED). Further studies are necessary with animals showing STT-1 values below the normal range to better elucidate the abnormalities associated with DED.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Evaluation of tear film breakup time, Schirmer tear test, blink rate and tear ferning test in Shih-Tzu dogs

Vitor,

Teixeira,

Santos

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Entropion is an ophthalmic condition characterized by the partial or complete inversion of the eyelid margin and is a highly prevalent disease in dogs [1,2]. A study by O'Neill et al [3], revealed that out of a population of 455,557 patients, the prevalence of entropion is 17.88%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Review of Canine Entropion: Types, Surgical Techniques, and Prognosis

Estrada-Araya,

Macuer-Guzmán,

Echeverria-Jaque

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Entropion is a condition characterized by the total or partial inversion of the eyelid margin, resulting in contact between the outer skin and the corneal or conjunctival surface, and sometimes both. This condition can affect various animals, including horses, pigs, goats, sheep, rabbits, felines, and particularly canines. It typically manifests in the lower lid's lateral portion but can affect any part of the lid. This contact between eyelashes or facial hair and the cornea or conjunctiva leads to severe irritation, causing self-inflicted trauma, as evidenced by clinical signs of pain, irritation, ulcerations, and vision loss. Entropion can be classified as primary (congenital or developmental) or secondary (spastic and scarring). Diagnosis relies on clinical signs, the animal's history, and its breed. It's essential to assess the degree of entropion in the dog without applying topical anesthesia. This study conducts a literature review on surgical techniques for correcting various types of entropion in canines.

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Welfare Considerations of Brachycephalic Ocular Syndrome in Dogs

Nutbrown-Hughes

2023

Animal Behaviour and Welfare Cases

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Small brachycephalic dog breeds have had a recent period of popularity. Brachycephalic Ocular Syndrome (BOS) is a term used to describe the many ocular problems these breeds suffer from, largely as a result of their conformation. The exact presentation of BOS is often breed dependent but corneal health is often poor in the affected animals. When treating corneal disease in these breeds, attention must be given to correcting the underlying causes, the eyelids, cornea and tear film need to be thought of as one entity. Medial canthoplasty is the usual surgical treatment to improve facial conformation, but support of the tear film and correction of aggravating factors such as ectopic cilia and distichiasis may be required. As well as the treatment of individual cases, the development of guidelines and potential legislation to encourage the breeding of dogs with less extreme conformation is desirable. Public information plays an important role in educating the public on the problems associated with these breeds so they can think carefully before purchasing one and should they do so, what care they require. Information © The Author 2023

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The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome

Cited by 11 publications

References 91 publications

Evaluation of tear film breakup time, Schirmer tear test, blink rate and tear ferning test in Shih-Tzu dogs

Evaluation of tear film breakup time, Schirmer tear test, blink rate and tear ferning test in Shih-Tzu dogs

Comprehensive Review of Canine Entropion: Types, Surgical Techniques, and Prognosis

Welfare Considerations of Brachycephalic Ocular Syndrome in Dogs

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