“…Now the cities themselves are changing and, with them, the profile of the disease. Urbanisation of schistosomiasis is recognised as a growing problem in Africa (Sarda et al, 1985;Ernould et al, 2000;Matthys et al, 2010;Mwakitalu et al, 2014;Dabo et al, 2015), and it has been well documented in Brazil (Barreto, 1960;Guimaraes et al, 1993;Barbosa et al, 2011Barbosa et al, , 1998Guimaraes and Tavares-Neto, 2006;Coura-Filho, 2005;Oliveira et al, 2013;Pinto et al, 2013;Blanton et al, 2015;Calasans et al, 2018;). Studies in Brazil (Brooker et al, 2006) and China (Shen et al, 1997) indicate there are significant differences between rural and urban schistosomiasis.…”