The P3 and the subjective experience of time

Ernst, Benjamin; Reichard, Simon M.; Riepl, Regina F.; Steinhauser, Robert; Zimmermann, Sarah F.; Steinhauser, Marco

doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.06.033

Cited by 23 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Others have argued that the oddball effect results from sensory magnitude coding (Kim & McAuley, 2013; Matthews, 2011b; Matthews & Meck, 2016; Pariyadath & Eagleman, 2008; Sadeghi, Pariyadath, Apte, Eagleman, & Cook, 2011), as predictive coding frameworks postulate that the repeating, predictable standard produces a weaker neural response than the oddball (Clark, 2013; Friston, 2005). Therefore, it remains unclear whether sensory magnitude affects perceived duration directly, or only when this is mediated by global levels of surprise or arousal (Ernst et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neural repetition suppression modulates time perception: Evidence from electrophysiology and pupillometry

Kruijne

Olivers

Rijn

2020

Preprint

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Human time perception is malleable and subject to many biases. For example, it has repeatedly been shown that stimuli that are physically intense or that are unexpected seem to last longer. Two competing hypotheses have been proposed to account for such biases: one states that these temporal illusions are the result of increased levels of arousal which speeds up neural clock dynamics, whereas the alternative ‘magnitude coding’ account states that the magnitude of sensory responses causally modulates perceived durations. Common experimental paradigms used to study temporal biases can not dissociate between these accounts, as arousal and sensory magnitude covary and modulate each other. Here, we present two temporal discrimination experiments where two flashing stimuli demarcated the start and end of a to-be-timed interval. These stimuli could either be in the same or in a different location, which led to different sensory responses due to neural repetition suppression. Crucially, changes and repetitions were fully predictable, which allowed us explore effects of sensory response magnitude without impacting arousal or surprise. Intervals with changing markers were perceived as lasting longer than those with repeating markers. We measured EEG (Experiment 1) and pupil size (Experiment 2), and found that temporal perception was related to changes in event-related potentials (P2) and pupil constriction, both of which have been related to responses in sensory cortex. Conversely, correlates of surprise and arousal (P3 amplitude and pupil dilation) were unaffected by stimulus repetitions and changes. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that sensory magnitude affects time perception even under constant levels of arousal.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One canonical observation regarding P3 amplitude is that it relates to the degree of ‘surprise’ in response to a stimulus (Mars et al, 2008). Recently, P3 amplitude was found to predict biases in temporal perception in an oddball paradigm (Ernst et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural repetition suppression modulates time perception: Evidence from electrophysiology and pupillometry

Kruijne

Olivers

Rijn

2020

Preprint

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“…Another link of norepinephrine was through a certain posterior positive wave, namely P3. In a temporal oddball task, Ernst et al (2017) have found that the overestimation of target oddballs was associated with greater amplitude of posterior P3. This component has been previously shown to reflect the neuromodulatory locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system, a correlate of decisionmaking that involves motivationally relevant stimuli (e.g., arousal; Aston-Jones et al 1994;Nieuwenhuis and Aston-Jones 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Early posterior negativity indicates time dilation by arousal

Özoğlu

Thomaschke

2020

Exp Brain Res

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We investigated whether Early Posterior Negativity (EPN) indicated the subjective dilation of time when judging the duration of arousing stimuli. Participants performed a visual temporal bisection task along with high-level and low-level arousing auditory stimuli, while we simultaneously recorded EEG. In accordance with previous studies, arousing stimuli were temporally overestimated and led to higher EPN amplitude. Yet, we observed that time dilation and EPN amplitude were significantly correlated and this effect cannot be explained by confounds from stimulus valence. We interpret our findings in terms of the pacemaker–accumulator model of human timing, and suggest that EPN indicates an arousal-based increasing of the speed of our mental clock.

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“…Droit-Volet & Meck, 2007;Penton-Voak et al, 1996;Wearden et al, 2017). This also applies to many temporal illusions that have been taken to support the magnitude coding hypothesis: For example, 'brighter' or 'louder' stimuli can be regarded ans more salient and thereby more arousing, and deviant stimuli in an oddball paradigm are more arousing since they violate expectations (Ernst et al, 2017;Tse et al, 2004;Ulrich et al, 2006). In fact, the magnitude of neural responses often is found to bidirectionally covary with arousal and surprise (Buia & Tiesinga, 2006;Mather et al, 2016), and the effects of stimulus repetitions and switches on time perception are modulated by how predictable they are (Matthews, 2015;Wehrman et al, 2018).…”

Section: Feature Changes Affect Time Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Change biases identify the features that drive time perception

Kruijne¹,

Rijn²

2020

Preprint

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[This paper has not been peer reviewed. Please do not copy or cite without author's permission.] Time perception is malleable, and the perceived duration of stimuli can be strongly affected by the sensory response they evoke. Such ‘temporal illusions’ provide a window on how different sensory systems contribute to our sense of time. Evidence suggests that the sensory response to different features affects time perception to different extents, mediated by the level of arousal or surprise that they evoke. This, however, makes it difficult to disentangle effects of the sensory response itself from the derived arousal or surprise effects. Here, we demonstrate that time perception is differentially affected by different stimulus features when arousal and surprise are kept constant. In four temporal discrimination experiments, participants judged the duration of an interval marked by two briefly presented visual markers. Markers either repeated or changed along one of six feature dimensions, in a manner fully predictable to participants. Repetitions and changes would modulate sensory response magnitudes due to neural repetition suppression. Results showed that intervals were perceived as longer when markers changed in location, size or numerosity. Conversely, changes in face identity, orientation or luminance did not affect time perception. These results point to neural and functional selectivity in the way different stimulus features affect time perception.

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The P3 and the subjective experience of time

Cited by 23 publications

References 64 publications

Neural repetition suppression modulates time perception: Evidence from electrophysiology and pupillometry

Neural repetition suppression modulates time perception: Evidence from electrophysiology and pupillometry

Early posterior negativity indicates time dilation by arousal

Change biases identify the features that drive time perception

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