The Oxygen Saturation of the Venous Blood in Normal Human Subjects

Keys, Ancel

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1938.124.1.13

Cited by 26 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Even though the vessel tilt ranged from 13° to 26° and the eccentricity was as high as 0.21 in the subjects studied, the average coefficient of variation of venous and arterial % HbO 2 values was less than 5%. Finally, the MR oximetry‐derived % HbO 2 values are in good agreement with those determined from blood sampled directly from the femoral vein (25). Our results provide a significant level of confidence for the validity of the simple cylinder model underlying MR susceptometry.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…The data acquisition during a session takes less than 2 min once the desired axial slices are identified; hence, possible temporal variation of % HbO 2 can be assumed to be negligible. On the other hand, intraindividual variations between different scan sessions are expected (25). Therefore, as a measure of reproducibility, we derive average and standard deviation (SD) of blood oxygenation values from the same scan session from multiple locations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accuracy and precision of MR blood oximetry based on the long paramagnetic cylinder approximation of large vessels

Langham

Magland

Epstein

et al. 2009

Magnetic Resonance in Med

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An accurate noninvasive method to measure the hemoglobin oxygen saturation (%HbO 2 ) of deep-lying vessels without catheterization would have many clinical applications. Quantitative MRI may be the only imaging modality that can address this difficult and important problem. MR susceptometry-based oximetry for measuring blood oxygen saturation in large vessels models the vessel as a long paramagnetic cylinder immersed in an external field. The intravascular magnetic susceptibility relative to surrounding muscle tissue is a function of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO 2 ) and can be quantified with a field-mapping pulse sequence. In this work, the method's accuracy and precision was investigated theoretically on the basis of an analytical expression for the arbitrarily oriented cylinder, as well as experimentally in phantoms and in vivo in the femoral artery and vein at 3T field strength. Errors resulting from vessel tilt, noncircularity of vessel cross-section, and induced magnetic field gradients were evaluated and methods for correction were designed and implemented. Hemoglobin saturation was measured at successive vessel segments, differing in geometry, such as eccentricity and vessel tilt, but constant blood oxygen saturation levels, as a means to evaluate measurement consistency. The average standard error and coefficient of variation of measurements in phantoms were <2% with tilt correction alone, in agreement with theory, suggesting that high accuracy and reproducibility can be achieved while ignoring noncircularity for tilt angles up to about 30°. In vivo, repeated measurements of %HbO 2 in the femoral vessels yielded a coefficient of variation of less than 5%. In conclusion, the data suggest that %HbO 2 can be measured Key words: magnetic resonance oximetry; blood oxygen saturation; phase imaging; demagnetizing field; magnetic resonance susceptometry Accurate noninvasive measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (%HbO 2 ) of deep-lying vessels inaccessible to pulse oximetry would have many clinical applications. Among these are the quantification of global cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO 2 ) and the assessment of congenital heart defects in pediatric patients. Generally, both currently require catheterization procedures, which are invasive and carry risks. In the case of jugular bulb oximetry, the risks (1) include arterial puncture (between 1% and 4.5% has been reported in the literature), jugular vein occlusion from misplacement of catheter, and subclinical thrombosis, whose incidence rate is as high as 40%. Furthermore, accuracy is highly dependent on the position of the catheter against the vessel wall, and simultaneous measurement of both the left and right sides is not possible but important due to asymmetric venous drainage (2).Noninvasive quantification of blood oxygenation can be achieved with MRI by measuring T 2 (3) or T * 2 (4), or from a measurement of the relative susceptibility (5-7) of intravascular blood since all three quantities depend on the volume fraction of oxygenated hemoglobi...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy and precision of MR blood oximetry based on the long paramagnetic cylinder approximation of large vessels

Langham

Magland

Epstein

et al. 2009

Magnetic Resonance in Med

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“…Based on the 95%-CI, the mean S v O 2 of CRPS I patients was 94.3%, while the [26], healthy subjects exercising [27], and patients undergoing femoro-popliteal bypass grafting [28], showed a calculated venous oxygen saturation of 83%, which is also significantly lower in comparison with the 94.3% in CRPS I patients. Also patients undergoing an amputation of an affected limb due to arterial occlusive disease had an oxygen saturation level of 72.0% (unpublished data).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Impaired Oxygen Utilization in Skeletal Muscle of CRPS I Patients

Tan

Laak

Hopman

et al. 2012

Journal of Surgical Research

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“…An observed wide distribution of venous blood was already described in 1938 by Ancel Keys. He measured an average saturation of 68.2% in blood from the arm veins of 63 healthy subjects at rest, with values ranging from 29 to 89% ( Keys, 1938 ). Whereas arterial blood oxygen saturation is generally above 95%, venous sO 2 levels are today considered normal for values comprised between 55 and 80%, depending on the source of information.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen in Red Blood Cell Concentrates: Influence of Donors’ Characteristics and Blood Processing

et al. 2020

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Objective: Unexpectedly wide distribution (<10 to >90%) of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (sO2) within red cell concentrates (RCCs) has recently been observed. Causes of such variability are not yet completely explained whereas the roles of oxygen and oxidative lesions during the storage of RCCs are known. The objectives of the present study are to characterize sO2 distribution in RCCs produced in a Swiss blood center and to investigate the influence of processing and donors’ characteristics.Methods: The level of sO2 was measured in 1701 leukocyte-depleted RCCs derived from whole blood donations in both top–bottom (TB; component filtered, SAGM) and top–top (TT; whole blood filtration, PAGGSM) RCCs. The sO2 value was measured non-invasively through the PVC bag prior to storage by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Gender, age, blood type, hemoglobin level, and living altitude of donors, as well as process method and time-to-process were recorded.Results: Overall, the sO2 exhibited a wide non-Gaussian distribution with a mean of 51.2 ± 18.5%. Use of top-top kits resulted in a 16% higher sO2 (P < 0.0001) than with top-bottom ones. Waiting time before processing only had a modest impact, but the blood processing itself reduced the sO2 by almost 12% (P < 0.0001). sO2 was also significantly affected by some donors’ characteristics. RCCs from men exhibited 25% higher sO2 (P < 0.0001) than those donated by women. Multivariate analysis revealed that the apparent correlation observed with hemoglobin level and age was actually due to multicollinearity with the sex variable. Finally, we noticed no significant differences across blood type but found that altitude of residence was associated with the sO2 (i.e., higher in higher living place).Conclusion: These data confirm wide sO2 distribution in RCCs reported recently. The sO2 was impacted by the processing and also by donors’ characteristics such as the gender and the living altitude, but not by the hemoglobin level, blood group and donor age. This study provides new hints on the factors influencing red blood cells storage lesions, since they are known to be related to O2 content within the bags, giving clues to better process and to better store RCCs and therefore potentially improve the efficacy of transfusion.

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The Oxygen Saturation of the Venous Blood in Normal Human Subjects

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Accuracy and precision of MR blood oximetry based on the long paramagnetic cylinder approximation of large vessels

Accuracy and precision of MR blood oximetry based on the long paramagnetic cylinder approximation of large vessels

Impaired Oxygen Utilization in Skeletal Muscle of CRPS I Patients

Oxygen in Red Blood Cell Concentrates: Influence of Donors’ Characteristics and Blood Processing

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