The Oxford Movement

The Party's Disciples: CCP Reserve Cadres and the Perpetuation of a Resilient Authoritarian Regime

“…Examples of this abound, including the fall of many military regimes in the 1970s, 69 Gorbachev's Soviet Union, and Taiwan in the late 1980s. 70 However, through mechanisms such as the reserve cadre system, the CCP has been able to avoid implementing the direct election of Party cadres, and has thus retained a far higher degree of autonomy in personnel appointments than seen in orthodox competitive authoritarian regimes. This article links the cultivation of reserve cadres to distinctive elite unity and therefore continuing authoritarian resilience.…”

Inmate Suicide in Prisons: An Analysis of Legal Liability under 42 USC Section 1983

“…In Monroe v. Pape (1961), the Supreme Court made it clear that Section 1983 of the recodified act would provide plaintiffs with a federal remedy in the misuse of state power. However, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendants violated a "clearly established" constitutional right (Anderson v. Creighton, 1987, p. 640;Gildin, 1989;Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 1982;Siegert v. Gilley, 1991;Spivey v. Elliott, 1994). In the landmark case of Estelle v. Gamble (1976), the Supreme Court announced that deliberate indifference by prison personnel to a prisoner's serious illness or injury would constitute cruel and unusual punishment, in violation of the Eighth Amendment.…”

“…These medical care deficiencies must involve treatment for serious medical needs. Although the definition of serious medical needs, as discussed in Estelle, was generally thought to be obvious in suicide cases, only medical care that is so inadequate as to reach the level of "deliberate indifference" would serve to constitute an Eighth Amendment violation (Estate of Cills v. Kaftan, 2000;Medina v. City and County of Denver, 1992;Redman v. County of San Diego, 1991;Robertson, 1993Robertson, , 1996Siegert v. Gilley, 1991). The Estelle Court, however, did not define "deliberate indiffer-ence" or indicate if suicide would be included when considering "serious medical needs."…”