The Oxaya anticline (northern Chile): a buckle enhanced by river incision?

Zeilinger, Gerold; Schlunegger, Fritz; Simpson, Guy

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2005.00622.x

Cited by 24 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This landscape is virtually undissected and characterized by extremely low erosion rates < 0.1 m/Ma (Nishiizumi et al, 2005) resulting in the preservation of mid-Miocene relict surfaces (Rech et al, 2006) (Figure 3A). Only those regions traversed by rivers originating in the high volcanic arc have deeply incised canyons (Zeilinger et al, 2005;Hoke et al, 2007;Schildgen et al, 2007). In contrast, headwaters in the 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 climatic transition zone between 28° to 35°S are highly dissected.…”

Section: Results and Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The topographic imprint of a transient climate episode: the western Andean flank between 15·5° and 41·5°S

Rehak

Bookhagen

Strecker

et al. 2010

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Mountain-range topography is determined by the complex interplay between tectonics and climate. However, often it is not clear to what extent climate forces topographic evolution and how past climatic episodes are reflected in relief. The Andes are a tectonically active mountain belt encompassing various climatic zones with pronounced differences in rainfall and glacier extent under similar plate-boundary conditions. In the Central to South-Western Andes climatic zones range from hyperarid desert with mean annual rainfall of 5 mm/a (22.5°S) to year-round humidity with 2500 mm/a (40°S). The Andes thus provide a unique setting for investigating the relationship between climate and topography. We present the analysis of 120 catchments along the western Andean watersheds between 15.5° and 41.5°S, which is based on SRTMV3-90m data and the new medium-resolution rainfall (TRMM) dataset. For each basin, we extracted geometry, relief, and climate parameters to test whether Andean topography shows a climatic imprint and to analyze how climate influences relief. Our data document that elevation and relief decrease with increasing rainfall and descending snowline elevation. Furthermore, we show that local relief reaches high values of 750 m in a zone between 28° to 35°S. During Pleistocene glacial stages this region was affected by the northward shifting southern hemisphere Westerlies, which provided moisture for valley-glacier formation and extended glacial coverage as well as glacial erosion. In contrast, the southern regions between 35° to 40°S receive higher rainfall and have a lower local relief of 200 m, probably related to an increased drainage density. We distinguish two different, climatically-controlled mechanisms shaping topography: (1) fluvial erosion by prolonged channel-hillslope coupling, which smoothes relief, and (2) erosion by valley glaciers that generates relief. Finally, our results suggests that the catchment-scale relief of the Andes between 28° to 35°S is characterized by a pronounced transient component reflecting past climatic conditions.

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Section: Results and Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The topographic imprint of a transient climate episode: the western Andean flank between 15·5° and 41·5°S

Rehak

Bookhagen

Strecker

et al. 2010

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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“…2a) started (Uba et al 2007). On the western side of the Andes in northern Chile, depositional growth strata and onlap relationships between dated units were inverted to rock and surface uplift estimates (Parraguez 1998;Victor et al 2004;Farías et al 2005;Zeilinger et al 2005). According to these studies, the Altiplano started to rise in the Eocene, reached an altitude of ca.…”

Section: Settingmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…1c). This anticline formed in response to transpressional thrusting along the Ausipar fault between the Late Oligocene and the Pliocene (García and Hérail 2005;Zeilinger et al 2005). The rocks of the Western Escarpment comprise a Mesozoic basement of granites and granodiorites and a suite of Miocene fluviovolcanoclastic deposits (Azapa, Oxaya, Huyalas, and El Diablo Formations).…”

Section: Settingmentioning

confidence: 98%

Sedimentology-based reconstructions of paleoclimate changes in the Central Andes in response to the uplift of the Andes, Arica region between 19 and 21°S latitude, northern Chile

Schlunegger

Kober

Zeilinger

et al. 2010

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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We focus on the sedimentological record of the Middle Miocene to modern deposits in the Andes of northern Chile between 19 and 21°S. These sediments, deposited at the Western Escarpment of the Central Depression, indicate successively more moisture on the western margin of the Altiplano and the Western Cordillera where the sources are. At the Pacific Coast, 20-Ma-old exposure ages and salic gypsisols reflect an existing and ongoing hyperarid climate. We interpret the increased divergence of climates between the Coast and the Altiplano as consequence of the Andean rise to elevations higher than approximately 2,500 m a.s.l., when the topography of the Altiplano was sufficiently high and areally extensive to attract Atlantic moisture. Accordingly, the inferred general increase in run-off was closely coupled with the uplift of the Andes if the steady rise model applies. In case that the rapid rise model for Andean uplift is correct, the inferred changes in sediment transport would have occurred independently of uplift, requiring an alternative, yet unknown driver.

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“…If the crust is already stressed to the failure limit, erosion and deposition can accentuate buckling rate and increase buckling wavelengths: if the topography is increased it is because the dynamic folding instability is amplified through a change in the distribution of gravitational loads and changes in the thickness-and hence the strength-of the deforming elastic-plastic layer [59]. A fine illustration of this process is the Oxaya antiform in northern Chile (figure 7), a structure which displayed its greatest rate of growth between 6.7 and 2.7 Ma when transverse stream incision attained up to 1500 m and coincided with plastic deformation of the crust under regional compression [61]. Uplift resulting from erosional unloading is evidently not confined to major deltas at times of low sea level and enhanced stream flow.…”

Section: (A) Local Adjustmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

River history and tectonics

Vita‐Finzi

2012

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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The analysis of crustal deformation by tectonic processes has gained much from the clues offered by drainage geometry and river behaviour, while the interpretation of channel patterns and sequences benefits from information on Earth movements before or during their development. The interplay between the two strands operates at many scales: themes which have already benefited from it include the possible role of mantle plumes in the breakup of Gondwana, the Cenozoic development of drainage systems in Africa and Australia, Himalayan uplift in response to erosion, alternating episodes of uplift and subsidence in the Mississippi delta, buckling of the Indian lithospheric plate, and changes in stream pattern and sinuosity along individual alluvial channels subject to localized deformation. Developments in remote sensing, isotopic dating and numerical modelling are starting to yield quantitative analyses of such effects, to the benefit of geodymamics as well as fluvial hydrology.

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The Oxaya anticline (northern Chile): a buckle enhanced by river incision?

Cited by 24 publications

References 12 publications

The topographic imprint of a transient climate episode: the western Andean flank between 15·5° and 41·5°S

The topographic imprint of a transient climate episode: the western Andean flank between 15·5° and 41·5°S

Sedimentology-based reconstructions of paleoclimate changes in the Central Andes in response to the uplift of the Andes, Arica region between 19 and 21°S latitude, northern Chile

River history and tectonics

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