The overview of current evidence on the reproductive toxicity of dibutyl phthalate

Development of a putative adverse outcome pathway network for male rat reproductive tract abnormalities with specific considerations for the androgen sensitive window of development

“…3 , a single 50 mg/kg exposure to the AR antagonist flutamide on GD19 (outside the MPW) adversely affects epididymis size. Likewise, the LMWP literature supports that the AOs of AOP3 can arise when exposure occurs both inside and outside the MPW ( Kay et al, 2014 , Czubacka et al, 2021 ). Therefore, KERs downstream from the MIE are plausibily relevant later in development and in other life stages.…”

Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the pathogenesis of hypospadias; developmental and toxicological perspectives

“…Phthalates belong to a group of compounds known as non-persistent organic pollutants, EDCs that have a short residence time in the environment and short half-lives in the human body ( Gregoraszczuk and Ptak, 2013 ). They are ubiquitous in synthetic products as they are widely used as plasticisers and are one of the most widely studied EDCs in relation to male reproductive health effects ( Czubacka et al, 2021 , Foster et al, 2017 ). The primary phthalate pollutants in the environment are Σdi-2(ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) and Σdibutyl phthalate (DBP) ( Gao and Wen, 2016 , Szewczynska et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Phthalate metabolites activate ERα, ERβ and AR, making them prime candidates for disrupting penile development ( Engel et al, 2017 , Takeuchi et al, 2005 ). Many reproductive abnormalities may be induced by phthalate exposure during pregnancy, including shortened anogenital distance, cryptorchidism and hypospadias ( Czubacka et al, 2021 , Qian et al, 2020 , Skakkebaek et al, 2016 ). Phthalate exposure disrupts testicular androgen production in mice, lowering sperm quality and reducing fertility ( Barakat et al, 2017 , Barakat et al, 2019 ).…”

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Disorders of Penile Development in Humans

“…Phtalates have been particularly explored since the 2010s and have shown an effect on the testis in animal models [Czubacka et al, 2020]. Phtalates pose a methodological challenge for researchers as their half-lives are short and they are ubiquitous.…”