The Outcome of Pregnancy Complicated by Threatened Abortion

Turnbull, Elizabeth P. N.; Walker, James

doi:10.1097/00006254-195704000-00011

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The increased head–abdominal circumference ratio observed in the >1 day of bleeding group supports previous hypotheses that first-trimester bleeding may be an early sign of placental dysfunction 7 Increased levels of hemoglobin and red blood cells were observed in the cord blood at birth for pregnancies with first-trimester bleeding but not bleeding associated with placenta previa 24,25 The authors hypothesized that increased red blood cell levels were an attempt to compensate for oxygen deficiency Other theories postulating the mechanism explaining early bleeding as a sign of placental insufficiency include the finding that bleeding peaks at 5–8 weeks gestation, coinciding with the luteal-placental shift and potentially indicating suboptimal placental development resulting in decreased levels of progesterone which might be insufficient to prevent an episode of bleeding similar to menses. 19…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Fetal Growth Patterns in Pregnancies With First-Trimester Bleeding

Bever

Pugh

Kim

et al. 2018

Obstetrics &Amp; Gynecology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Fetal Growth Patterns in Pregnancies With First-Trimester Bleeding

Bever

Pugh

Kim

et al. 2018

Obstetrics &Amp; Gynecology

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“…The criticalness of location and adequacy of nidation and early placentation is demonstrated in several reports (Suter, 1948;Record, 1956;Turnbull, 1956). These show that a third of all viable babies from extrauterine pregnancies had major or minor abnormalities, that there is a doubled rate of abnormalities, especially anencephaly, associated with placenta praevia, and a doubled rate of fetal 297…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Anencephaly and spina bifida (ASB) and retroversion.

Buckley¹

1979

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

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SUMMARY Despite the wealth of epidemiological material of the last decade, birth defects are still the chief cause of perinatal mortality and no significant breakthrough in understanding or reduction has yet been seen. Many proposed aetiological factors are still being evaluated. This report suggests a possible, simple, remediable factor in the aetiology of defects of the central nervous system.The chance remark of a patient some years ago prompted a retrospective case-sheet study of the mothers of anencephalics in a Merseyside hospital. Of 47 case sheets examined, only 23 gave specific information of uterine position in the non-pregnant state. Of these, 14 (61%) were retroverted and nine (39%) were anteverted. One case of anecdotal interest recorded the uterus as anteverted on two occasions and during this time the patient had had two normal babies. There were then five records of the uterus being retroverted, in the midst of which the patient had an anencephalic baby.It was recognised that a small retrospective case-sheet study was of limited value because of the inadequacy and lack of guarantee of reliability of the records. For this reason the following study was undertaken as part of a more comprehensive survey of defects of the central nervous system. Material, methods, and resultsDuring a three-year survey, 113 cases of ASB births occurred in the hospitals of Izmir, a large city in western Turkey. Of the 77 cases who lived near enough to be recalled, 37 returned for discussion and examination. Most of the rest were lost because of change of address. Patients returning were questioned to complete information for the general survey, and examined and counselled with regard to further pregnancies. When possible, an independent vaginal examination was made by a colleague to assess uterine position. Of the 37 patients, 12 were already pregnant on recall. Of the remainder, 12 had an anteverted or mid-position uterus, 11 had a retroverted uterus, and two had acutely flexed and leave-rotated uteri. Including these two in the malposition group, there were 48% normal and 52% abnormally positioned uteri.A control group was made of 100 patients attending the routine gynaecological outpatient clinic. It is recognised that such a group may tend to give a slightly higher rate of retroversion than that in the normal population. Post-menopausal and pregnant patients and women with palpable tumours were excluded. Otherwise the group represented a typical gynaecological clinic cross-section. The obtained retroversion rate of 18% approximates to the generally accepted normal incidence of about 15% (Jeffcoate, 1967). DiscussionNon-fixed retroversion is properly regarded in most gynaecological circles as a normal variant. However, the above study raises the question of whether there might be some theoretical consideration which would give support to the apparent relation between retroversion and ASB. The early work of Stockard (1921) with fish and later mammalian work (Murakami and Katsunuma, 1955;Degenhardt, 1956; Ingalls and ...

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“…Esta situação poderia ser responsável por distúrbios no balanço circulató-rio, afetando a maturação da superfície de trocas e, conseqüentemente, a transferência de oxigê-nio. Turnbull e Walker 23 referem que o sangramento vaginal está associado com a ruptura da decídua placentária, acarretando deficiência na oxigenação fetal e subseqüente elevação compensatória da hemoglobina dosada no cordão umbilical 23 . Estudos in vitro revelam o efeito estimulador da hipoxia para proliferação do citotrofoblasto, porém inibitório para ação de invasão 24 .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified