The out of Africa model of varicella-zoster virus evolution: single nucleotide polymorphisms and private alleles distinguish Asian clades from European/North American clades

Wagenaar, Timothy R.; Chow, Vincent T.K.; Buranathai, Chantanee; Thawatsupha, Pranee; Grose, Charles

doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00559-5

Cited by 85 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The present and previous studies (25,30,44) clearly demonstrate limited but informative genetic diversity among globally distributed VZV clinical strains. It is quite likely that both recombination and point mutations, in addition to polymorphic TR regions, have all played important roles in the generation of VZV variability.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Although the genomic stability of VZV is well established, limited genetic diversity with an intriguing correlation to geographic origin was recently documented (25,44). Currently circulating strains of VZV can be categorized into three major genotypes, European (E), Japanese (J), and mosaic (M).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DNA sequence and singlenucleotide polymorphism analyses have been used to detect probable recombination in several few clinical VZV isolates (30,44), and homologous recombination has also been documented in other herpesviruses. Norberg et al (31) recently reported that recombination events are common among clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus type 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Genetic diversity among VZV strains was initially defined using either restriction enzyme mapping (1, 22) or variation in the copy number at the tandem repeat regions (6,20,21,39). Phylogenetic analyses of partial VZV genome sequences have recently identified a divergence of VZV into different genotypes and recombinant strains (25,30,44). Loparev et al (25) performed targeted (multiple locus) analysis of VZV polymorphisms for a large number of clinical isolates obtained from all six continents, establishing a divergence into the three genotypes E (European), J (Japanese), and M (mosaic).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complete-Genome Phylogenetic Approach to Varicella-Zoster Virus Evolution: Genetic Divergence and Evidence for Recombination

Norberg

Liljeqvist

Bergström

et al. 2006

J Virol

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Recent studies of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) DNA sequence variation, involving large numbers of globally distributed clinical isolates, suggest that this virus has diverged into at least three distinct genotypes designated European (E), Japanese (J), and mosaic (M). In the present study, we determined and analyzed the complete genomic sequences of two M VZV strains and compared them to the sequences of three E strains and two J strains retrieved from GenBank (including the Oka vaccine preparation, V-Oka). Except for a few polymorphic tandem repeat regions, the whole genome, representing approximately 125,000 nucleotides, is highly conserved, presenting a genetic similarity between the E and J genotypes of approximately 99.85%. These analyses revealed that VZV strains distinctly segregate into at least four genotypes (E, J, M1, and M2) in phylogenetic trees supported by high bootstrap values. Separate analyses of informative sites revealed that the tree topology was dependent on the region of the VZV genome used to determine the phylogeny; collectively, these results indicate the observed strain variation is likely to have resulted, at least in part, from interstrain recombination. Recombination analyses suggest that strains belonging to the M1 and M2 genotypes are mosaic recombinant strains that originated from ancestral isolates belonging to the E and J genotypes through recombination on multiple occasions. Furthermore, evidence of more recent recombination events between M1 and M2 strains is present in six segments of the VZV genome. As such, interstrain recombination in dually infected cells seems to figure prominently in the evolutionary history of VZV, a feature it has in common with other herpesviruses. In addition, we report here six novel genomic targets located in open reading frames 51 to 58 suitable for genotyping of clinical VZV isolates.In temperate climates, varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen with tropism to skin and sensory ganglia. VZV establishes latent infections, most prominently in the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia, resulting in a permanent association with the host that may reactivate many decades after primary infection to cause herpes zoster. Primary VZV infection is nearly always symptomatic (varicella), a normally benign childhood disease; occasionally first exposure results in more serious illness or, in rare instances, death (40). Several neurological manifestations have been described in relation to VZV reactivation, such as facial palsy, encephalitis, meningitis, and cerebral vasculitis, conditions that may occur without any dermal lesions (4, 12, 16). The combined disease burden of primary and reactivated VZV infections has motivated widespread vaccination using a live, attenuated VZV strain (V-Oka). More recently, it has been demonstrated that a high-dose formulation of V-Oka can prevent or substantially ameliorate both herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in persons 60 years of age and older (33).The genetic diversity of various human herpesviru...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complete-Genome Phylogenetic Approach to Varicella-Zoster Virus Evolution: Genetic Divergence and Evidence for Recombination

Norberg

Liljeqvist

Bergström

et al. 2006

J Virol

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“…These two mutant viruses were closely related genetically and were both isolated in North America. Single nucleotide polymorphism studies showed segregation of viral isolates of Asian origin from those of Western ancestry into distinct phylogenetic clades (Wagenaar et al, 2003). The VZV strain reported here, based on sequence analysis, is closely related to the Northern American BC strain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

A novel mutation of varicella-zoster virus associated to fatal hepatitis

Natoli

Ciotti

Paba

et al. 2006

Journal of Clinical Virology

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Background: Lethal varicella in immunocompetent hosts is rare and its pathogenesis is largely unknown. The discovery of glycoprotein E (gE) mutants showing attributes consistent with increased virulence in vitro and in animal models, provided a possible molecular mechanism underlying a more aggressive virus infection. However, these mutants have never been associated with unusually severe clinical cases. Objectives: To varicella-zoster virus (VZV) mutations that correlate with increased virulence. Results: We report a case of fatal hepatitis caused by a VZV bearing a novel mutation on the 3B3 monoclonal antibody epitope of gE in an immunocompetent host. Conclusions: This report describes a mutant VZV responsible for an aggressive clinical course in an immunocompetent host. Linking these severe clinical presentations of VZV infection to virus mutations might provide insights into the underlying pathogenic mechanisms.

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Varicella Zoster: Virus and Disease

McDonald¹,

Breuer²

2008

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Varicella zoster virus (VZV), also known as human herpes virus 3 (HHV3), causes varicella (chicken pox) upon primary infection, establishes latency in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and can later reactivate to cause herpes zoster (shingles). Difficulties in studying the pathogenesis of VZV; because of its high cell association and narrow host range, have been overcome through the development of the VZV severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse model carrying human tissue implants. VZV is the first human herpes virus for which a live attenuated vaccine has been developed.

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The out of Africa model of varicella-zoster virus evolution: single nucleotide polymorphisms and private alleles distinguish Asian clades from European/North American clades

Cited by 85 publications

References 36 publications

Complete-Genome Phylogenetic Approach to Varicella-Zoster Virus Evolution: Genetic Divergence and Evidence for Recombination

Complete-Genome Phylogenetic Approach to Varicella-Zoster Virus Evolution: Genetic Divergence and Evidence for Recombination

A novel mutation of varicella-zoster virus associated to fatal hepatitis

Varicella Zoster: Virus and Disease

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