The Otolaryngologist and the Patient With Velocardiofacial Syndrome

Qualitative MRI findings in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome and schizophrenia

“…Common features include congenital heart defects, palatal abnormalities, typical facial features, and central nervous system manifestations such as learning disabilities and mental retardation. Structural abnormalities of the brain and skull have also been associated with the syndrome (Altman et al 1995;Arvystas and Shprintzen 1984;Beemer et al 1986;Bingham et al 1997;Finkelstein et al 1993). In adulthood, approximately 25% of patients with 22qDS may suffer from a psychotic disorder, including schizophrenia (Murphy and Owen 1997;Pulver et al 1994;Shprintzen et al 1992).…”

“…Because of reported skull and vertebral abnormalities (Arvystas and Shprintzen 1984;Beemer et al 1986;Finkelstein et al 1993;Ming et al 1997;Ryan et al 1997), the skull base structures were assessed. In addition, cerebral and cervical arteries were also assessed using magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) because of a reported high prevalence of carotid and vertebral arterial anomalies in 22qDS (Goldberg et al 1993;MacKenzie-Stepner et al 1986;Mitnick et al 1996).…”

HALITOSIS – A Social Malady

“…In some cases, craniofacial anomalies, such as cleft palate, may be involved. 35 A typical nasal malodor usually has a slightly cheesy odour and differs appreciably from other types of bad breath. 36 Halitosis of upper respiratory tract may be due to chronic sinusitis, nasal obstruction, nasopharyngeal abscess and carcinoma of the larynx and halitosis of lower respiratory tract may be because of bronchitis, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, pulmonary abscess and carcinoma of the lungs.…”

Halitosis: The Role of the Gastroenterologist

“…In such cases, the telltale odor can be smelled most strongly from the nose, rather than the mouth. Nasal odor may be indicative of nasal infection or a problem affecting airflow associated with thick mucous secretions [2][3][4].…”

“…The Esophagus is normally collapsed and closed, and whereas the occasional belch may carry some odor up from the stomach, the possibility of gastric air reflux continuously escaping from the mouth and nose is very remote [3,[9][10][11].…”