The other ocean acidification problem: CO
            <sub>2</sub>
            as a resource among competitors for ecosystem dominance

Connell, Sean D.; Kroeker, Kristy J.; Fabricius, Katharina; Kline, David I.; Russell, Bayden D.

doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0442

Cited by 204 publications

(202 citation statements)

References 87 publications

(139 reference statements)

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“…Beneficial effects were observed e.g. for seagrass (Palacios and Zimmerman, 2007;Hall-Spencer et al, 2008;Fabricius et al, 2011) and various algal species (Hall-Spencer et al, 2008;Connell et al, 2013).…”

Section: Ocean Acidification and Its Impact On Marine Ecosystemsmentioning

confidence: 88%

The ocean carbon sink – impacts, vulnerabilities and challenges

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is, next to water vapour, considered to be the most important natural greenhouse gas on Earth. Rapidly rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations caused by human actions such as fossil fuel burning, land-use change or cement production over the past 250 years have given cause for concern that changes in Earth's climate system may progress at a much faster pace and larger extent than during the past 20 000 years. Investigating global carbon cycle pathways and finding suitable adaptation and mitigation strategies has, therefore, become of major concern in many research fields. The oceans have a key role in regulating atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and currently take up about 25 % of annual anthropogenic carbon emissions to the atmosphere. Questions that yet need to be answered are what the carbon uptake kinetics of the oceans will be in the future and how the increase in oceanic carbon inventory will affect its ecosystems and their services. This requires comprehensive investigations, including high-quality ocean carbon measurements on different spatial and temporal scales, the management of data in sophisticated databases, the application of Earth system models to provide future projections for given emission scenarios as well as a global synthesis and outreach to policy makers. In this paper, the current understanding of the ocean as an important carbon sink is reviewed with respect to these topics. Emphasis is placed on the complex interplay of different physical, chemical and biological processes that yield both positive and negative air-sea flux values for natural and anthropogenic CO 2 as well as on increased CO 2 (uptake) as the regulating force of the radiative warming of the atmosphere and the gradual acidification of the oceans. Major future ocean carbon challenges in the fields of ocean observations, modelling and process research as well as the relevance of other biogeochemical cycles and greenhouse gases are discussed.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.

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Section: Ocean Acidification and Its Impact On Marine Ecosystemsmentioning

confidence: 88%

The ocean carbon sink – impacts, vulnerabilities and challenges

et al. 2015

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“…Some stressors, such as enriched CO 2 and nutrients, act as resources among competitors for ecosystem dominance [22][23][24]. Change in resource availability alters the relative dominance of species such that subordinates can become dominant players and ecosystems can shift from one stable state to another.…”

Section: An Example From Kelp Forestsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Managing Local Coastal Stressors to Reduce the Ecological Effects of Ocean Acidification and Warming

Ghedini¹,

Russell²,

Connell³

2013

Water

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Abstract:Anthropogenic activities have increased the number of stressors acting on ecosystems. When multiple stressors act simultaneously, there is a greater probability of additive, synergistic and antagonistic effects occurring among them. Where additive and synergistic effects occur, managers may yield disproportionately large benefits where they first act upon synergies. Stressors act, however, at different spatial and temporal scales. Global stressors (e.g., ocean acidification and warming) tend to change slowly over long periods of time, although their intensity and effects are contingent on local conditions. On the other hand, local stressors tend to change rapidly over shorter, more defined spatial and temporal scales. Hence, local stressors can be subject to a greater degree of control through local management (e.g., eutrophication and overfishing) while global stressors are characterized by an intrinsic inertia whose effects last for decades, if not centuries. Although the reduction of carbon emissions is an international priority for managing global stressors, it requires international agreements and management applications that take considerable time to develop. Managers, however, may 'buy time' by acting on stressors whose governance is local (e.g., reducing nutrient input) and are known to synergize with global stressors (e.g., enriched CO 2 ). Such local actions may potentially disrupt synergies with the more slowly changing global stressors that can only be reduced over longer time scales.

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“…Where CO2 is a resource for organisms, it can play an important role leading to changes in community competition (e.g., [168]). For example, opportunistic turf-and mat-forming algae have been demonstrated to inhibit other taxa (e.g., [169]) and outcompete kelp recruitment (e.g., [170]), inducing phase shifts.…”

Section: Changes To Community Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Marine Organisms under Climate Change at Different Levels of Biological Organisation

Harvey

Al‐Janabi

Broszeit

et al. 2014

Water

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Abstract:Research to date has suggested that both individual marine species and ecological processes are expected to exhibit diverse responses to the environmental effects of climate change. Evolutionary responses can occur on rapid (ecological) timescales, and yet studies typically do not consider the role that adaptive evolution will play in modulating biological responses to climate change. Investigations into such responses have typically been focused at particular biological levels (e.g., cellular, population, community), often lacking interactions among levels. Since all levels of biological organisation are sensitive to global climate change, there is a need to elucidate how different processes and hierarchical interactions will influence species fitness. Therefore, predicting the responses of communities and populations to global change will require multidisciplinary efforts across multiple levels of hierarchy, from the genetic and cellular to communities and ecosystems. Eventually, this may allow us to establish the role that acclimatisation and adaptation will play in determining marine community structures in future scenarios.

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The other ocean acidification problem: CO ₂ as a resource among competitors for ecosystem dominance

Cited by 204 publications

References 87 publications

The ocean carbon sink – impacts, vulnerabilities and challenges

The ocean carbon sink – impacts, vulnerabilities and challenges

Managing Local Coastal Stressors to Reduce the Ecological Effects of Ocean Acidification and Warming

Evolution of Marine Organisms under Climate Change at Different Levels of Biological Organisation

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The other ocean acidification problem: CO 2 as a resource among competitors for ecosystem dominance

Cited by 204 publications

References 87 publications

The ocean carbon sink – impacts, vulnerabilities and challenges

The ocean carbon sink – impacts, vulnerabilities and challenges

Managing Local Coastal Stressors to Reduce the Ecological Effects of Ocean Acidification and Warming

Evolution of Marine Organisms under Climate Change at Different Levels of Biological Organisation

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Product

Resources

About

The other ocean acidification problem: CO ₂ as a resource among competitors for ecosystem dominance