The origins of white etching cracks and their significance to rolling bearing failures

Manieri, Francesco; Stadler, Kenred; Morales-Espejel, Guillermo E.; Kadiric, Amir

doi:10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.10.023

Cited by 88 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…a) WEC crack branch observed in the inner ring of a speherical roller bearing b)Optical image of butterfly and initiating inclusion. Adapted from[177,178].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Further understanding of rolling contact fatigue in rolling element bearings - A review

Laithy

Wang

Harvey

et al. 2019

Tribology International

116

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Rolling bearings are one of the most widely used components in industrial machinery. If suitably mounted, loaded, lubricated and isolated from contamination, rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is believed to be the most probable mode of failure resulting in subsurface originated failures. Over the past several decades many researchers have studied the failure and microstructural alterations in bearings such as dark etching regions and white etching bands and how operating conditions such as pressure, temperature and running time impact them during RCF. This paper aims to provide an overview of such alterations, their properties, formation mechanisms and impact on bearing failure.

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“…a) WEC crack branch observed in the inner ring of a speherical roller bearing b)Optical image of butterfly and initiating inclusion. Adapted from[177,178].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Further understanding of rolling contact fatigue in rolling element bearings - A review

Laithy

Wang

Harvey

et al. 2019

Tribology International

116

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…When they do occur, most of the time an explanation related to overloading or material defects can be found. 17 However, most issues that rolling bearings face nowadays is fatigue damage occurring at the very surface of the bearing raceway, where tribological fatigue mechanisms are playing a major role. Models to describe these issues involve mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) of the rolling contact 18–21 and not just the Hertzian stress and general contact mechanics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rolling bearing performance rating parameters: Review and engineering assessment

Morales-Espejel

Gabelli²

2020

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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The choice of a rolling bearing for a particular application relies on performance rating parameters as the static, the dynamic, and the fatigue limit load of bearings. The values of these parameters define the calculated performance of the bearing. Endurance testing of high-quality rolling bearings has been used for the development of rolling bearing performance standards like the ISO 281 and ISO 76 that are commonly used throughout the industry. However, standard test methods for the measurement and validation of load ratings of rolling bearings are not available in the standards. This leads to the undifferentiated use of the “status of the art” standardized performance to the very large variety of rolling bearing types and qualities that are produced today. The current paper revisits the origin, definition, and development of rolling bearing performance parameters. A numerical study for the determination process of bearing load ratings is carried out. The results are compared with standardized values and values quoted by bearing manufacturers. This provides an overview of the load rating practices that are in use. The limitations and possible improvements of the present methodology are discussed.

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“…In a recent paper [8], a possible link between WEC formation and a fatigue phenomenon encountered in uniaxial very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) of high strength steels was discussed. That phenomenon, called fine granular area (FGA), bears striking resemblance to WEC in a number of ways.…”

Section: State Of Knowledge On Wec and Fgamentioning

confidence: 99%

Crack growth and microstructural changes in AISI 52100: white etching cracks (WEC) and fine granular area (FGA)

2019

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The service life of rolling element bearings can usually be predicted with good accuracy. However, the damage phenomenon "white etching cracks" (WEC) can lead to premature and unforeseeable failures. The formation of zones with strongly decreased grain sizes at the crack faces is a characteristic of this type of failure. An earlier study showed that it is possible to reproduce this type of failure by multiaxial fatigue experiments with superposed cyclic compression and torsion. The present study shows the analysis of the stress state of those multiaxial fatigue tests with stress-based critical plane criteria. Using the critical plane results as a basis for a fracture mechanical analysis, a correlation is found between the crack length, the associated plastic zone size, and the extent of the transformed microstructure. This correlation is very similar to our results of the study of fine granular areas (FGA), a very high cycle fatigue phenomenon in bearing steels. It is argued that a plasticity-driven mechanism similar to the one proposed for FGA formation is responsible for WEC formation, too. Additional factors that are often cited as promoting WEC formation could explain the shift from very high cycle fatigue in the case of FGA to the early failures due to WEC.

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The origins of white etching cracks and their significance to rolling bearing failures

Cited by 88 publications

References 64 publications

Further understanding of rolling contact fatigue in rolling element bearings - A review

Further understanding of rolling contact fatigue in rolling element bearings - A review

Rolling bearing performance rating parameters: Review and engineering assessment

Crack growth and microstructural changes in AISI 52100: white etching cracks (WEC) and fine granular area (FGA)

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