The origins of the trypanosome genome strains Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU 927, T. b. gambiense DAL 972, T. vivax Y486 and T. congolense IL3000

Gibson, Wendy

doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-71

Cited by 49 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…T. vivax experimental infection sera were also obtained from infections conducted at ILRI (Nairobi, Kenya) using the strains IL2172 and IL3769 (Ugandan origin [26]) and were provided by a co-author and E. Authié. Additional T. vivax experimental infections were conducted in Mozambique at CB-UEM using a local isolate (175J) and the Y486 reference strain [29]. Corresponding parasitaemia was estimated by phase contrast buffy coat [30].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trypanosoma vivax GM6 Antigen: A Candidate Antigen for Diagnosis of African Animal Trypanosomosis in Cattle

et al. 2013

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BackgroundDiagnosis of African animal trypanosomosis is vital to controlling this severe disease which hampers development across 10 million km2 of Africa endemic to tsetse flies. Diagnosis at the point of treatment is currently dependent on parasite detection which is unreliable, and on clinical signs, which are common to several other prevalent bovine diseases.Methodology/Principle Findingsthe repeat sequence of the GM6 antigen of Trypanosoma vivax (TvGM6), a flagellar-associated protein, was analysed from several isolates of T. vivax and found to be almost identical despite the fact that T. vivax is known to have high genetic variation. The TvGM6 repeat was recombinantly expressed in E. coli and purified. An indirect ELISA for bovine sera based on this antigen was developed. The TvGM6 indirect ELISA had a sensitivity of 91.4% (95% CI: 91.3 to 91.6) in the period following 10 days post experimental infection with T. vivax, which decreased ten-fold to 9.1% (95% CI: 7.3 to 10.9) one month post treatment. With field sera from cattle infected with T. vivax from two locations in East and West Africa, 91.5% (95% CI: 83.2 to 99.5) sensitivity and 91.3% (95% CI: 78.9 to 93.1) specificity was obtained for the TvGM6 ELISA using the whole trypanosome lysate ELISA as a reference. For heterologous T. congolense field infections, the TvGM6 ELISA had a sensitivity of 85.1% (95% CI: 76.8 to 94.4).Conclusion/Significancethis study is the first to analyse the GM6 antigen of T. vivax and the first to test the GM6 antigen on a large collection of sera from experimentally and naturally infected cattle. This study demonstrates that the TvGM6 is an excellent candidate antigen for the development of a point-of-treatment test for diagnosis of T. vivax, and to a lesser extent T. congolense, African animal trypanosomosis in cattle.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trypanosoma vivax GM6 Antigen: A Candidate Antigen for Diagnosis of African Animal Trypanosomosis in Cattle

et al. 2013

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“…The dramatic increase in frequency of G1 in West Africa, despite the presence in the gene pool of the more effective T. b. rhodesiense killer G2, hints that the two alleles were selected in response to more than one pathogen. The West African distribution of G1 may reflect the distribution of T. b. gambiense type 2, a cause of chronic sleeping sickness with active foci in the Ivory Coast and Burkina Faso (32). T .b.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the primate trypanolytic factor APOL1

Thomson

Genovese

Canon

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

191

292

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Significance African trypanosomes are parasites that can cause African sleeping sickness in humans. Humans and some primates, but not other mammals, have a gene called APOL1 that protects against certain trypanosomes. Genetic variants in APOL1 that arose in Africa are strongly associated with kidney disease in African Americans. These kidney disease-associated variants may have risen to high frequency in Africa because they can defend humans against a particularly pathogenic trypanosome. In this paper, we show how APOL1 has evolved by analyzing the distribution of these variants in Africa and then elucidating the molecular mechanisms that enhance their trypanosome killing capacity. We also show that these antitrypanosomal APOL1 variants may have adverse consequences for the host.

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“…Short-term, axenic culture systems for the bloodstream form have been reported (Brun and Moloo, 1982; Zweygarth et al 1991; D'Archivio et al 2011) but they have been difficult to reproduce in other laboratories and have not entered routine use. Most studies on this trypanosome species are, therefore, conducted in in vivo laboratory models; however, very few T. vivax strains have been isolated that readily infect rodents and most published in vivo work on this species comprises the very few mouse-infective strains, the main one being Y486 and its derivatives (Gibson, 2012). A simplified system for in vitro cultivation of the insect form of T. vivax was recently described and genetic manipulation methodology implemented (D'Archivio et al 2011).…”

Section: Animal Trypanosome Species: Virulence Tissue Distibution Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

The animal trypanosomiases and their chemotherapy: a review

et al. 2016

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SUMMARYPathogenic animal trypanosomes affecting livestock have represented a major constraint to agricultural development in Africa for centuries, and their negative economic impact is increasing in South America and Asia. Chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis represent the main means of control. However, research into new trypanocides has remained inadequate for decades, leading to a situation where the few compounds available are losing efficacy due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current options available for the treatment and prophylaxis of the animal trypanosomiases, with a special focus on the problem of resistance. The key issues surrounding the main economically important animal trypanosome species and the diseases they cause are also presented. As new investment becomes available to develop improved tools to control the animal trypanosomiases, we stress that efforts should be directed towards a better understanding of the biology of the relevant parasite species and strains, to identify new drug targets and interrogate resistance mechanisms.

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The origins of the trypanosome genome strains Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU 927, T. b. gambiense DAL 972, T. vivax Y486 and T. congolense IL3000

Cited by 49 publications

References 73 publications

Trypanosoma vivax GM6 Antigen: A Candidate Antigen for Diagnosis of African Animal Trypanosomosis in Cattle

Trypanosoma vivax GM6 Antigen: A Candidate Antigen for Diagnosis of African Animal Trypanosomosis in Cattle

Evolution of the primate trypanolytic factor APOL1

The animal trypanosomiases and their chemotherapy: a review

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